This two volume set is a comprehensive guide to neurosurgery for trainee neurosurgeons. Each chapter draws together current, relevant information and integrates theory and practice in contemporary neurosurgery for a comprehensive learning experience.

Each chapter begins with an introduction and ends with key points for quick review of the topic. The concise and practical style makes this textbook easy to use.
With contributions from recognised specialists in the USA, Europe and Asia, this practical manual includes more than 1000 images and illustrations to assist learning and understanding.

Contents
Volume 1
SECTION 1: General
1. History of Neurosurgery ................................................................................................ 3
Vincent A Thamburaj
Ancient Egyptian Period 3 Ancient Indian Period 3 Ancient Greek-Roman Period 5
Ancient Chinese Period 6 Ancient Persian Period 7 Medieval European Period 7
European Renaissance Period 8 Modern Period (18th-20th Century) 8
2. Neurological Examination ........................................................................................... 17
Narayanan Raghavachari, Dharmarajan N Seeniappa
History Taking 17 Cognitive and Speech Evaluation 18 Physical Examination 20
Examination of an Unconscious Patient 29 Pediatric Neurological Examination 30
Arriving at Diagnosis 31 Anatomical Localization 32 Pathological Diagnosis 34
3. Genetics in Neurosurgery ............................................................................................ 36
Vincent A Thamburaj, Bibhas Kar
Genetics in Neurooncology 36 Genetics in Neurovascular Disorders 41 Genetics in
Disc Disease 43 Genetics in Neurodevelopmental Disorders 45
4. Ethics in Neurosurgery ................................................................................................ 55
Kalyanaraman Subramanian
Surgeon and Patient 55 Surgeon and Family 56 Decision to Withhold Aggressive
Treatment 57 Surgeon and Business Houses 60 To Summarize... 60
5. Evidence-based Medicine for Neurosurgeons................................................................ 61
Saroja Srinivasan, Vincent A Thamburaj
Methodology 61 Practice of Evidence-based Medicine 62 Limitations of Evidence-based
Medicine 64 Evidence-based Medicine in Neurosurgery 65
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SECTION 2: Cerebral Homeostasis and Perioperative Care
6. Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism .......................................................................... 71
Bapuji Cherukuri
Cerebral Hemodynamics 71 Regulation of CBF 72 Measurements of CBF 77
Measurement of CMR 80 Drugs on CBF and CMR 80
7. Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics ..................................................................................... 87
Avula Chakravarthi
Formation of CSF 87 Circulation of CSF 88 Absorption of CSF 89 Composition
of CSF 89 Functions of CSF 90 Blood-CSF Barrier 90 Metabolic Changes and CSF 91
Intracranial Pressure and CSF 91 Laboratory Investigation of CSF 92 Studies of CSF
Dynamics 93 CSF Dynamics in Pathological Conditions 94
8. Blood-Brain Barrier ....................................................................................................101
Avula Chakravarthi
Anatomy of Blood-Brain Barrier 101 Physiology of Blood-Brain Barrier 102
Functions of Blood-Brain Barrier 103 Pathological Alterations of Blood-Brain Barrier 103
Clinical Applications 105
9. Brain Edema ..............................................................................................................110
Chandrasekar Kalavakonda
Types of Brain Edema 110 Pathophysiology 111 Clinical Features 112
Imaging 114 Management 115
10. Intracranial Pressure ..................................................................................................125
Chandrasekar Kalavakonda
Intracranial Contents and Pressure 125 Intracranial Hypertension 127
Intracranial Hypotension 133
11. Assisted Ventilation in Neurosurgery ...........................................................................141
Lakshmi Varadharajulu
Respiratory Center and Reflex Inputs 141 Airway Management 141 Types of Intermittent
Positive Pressure Ventilation 144 Management of the Ventilated Patient 145
12. Sodium in Neurosurgery .............................................................................................152
Dharmarajan N Seeniappa
Sodium and Water 152 Hyponatremia 153 Hypernatremia 158
13. Nutrition Support in Neurosurgery ..............................................................................164
Kundhala Ravi
Metabolic Aspects following a Neural Injury 164 Nutritional Support 165
14. Non-Neurological Complications in Neurosurgery .......................................................174
Ritesh K Bhoot, Prithika Chary
Pulmonary Complications 174 Cardiac Complications 177 Fluid and Electrolyte
Disturbances 177 Gastrointestinal Complications 179 Thromboembolic Complications 180
Urinary Tract Complications 181 Invasive Line Complications 181 Sepsis 182
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting 182
Contents
xvii
SECTION 3: Neurodiagnostics
15. Essentials of Neuroelectrophysiology ..........................................................................189
Sridharan Ramaratnam
Electroencephalography 189 Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies 195
16. Diagnostic Neuroradiology .........................................................................................200
Nirmala Arulraj, Ravikanth Balaji, Chidambaranathan Natesan
Evolution of Neuroradiology (Pre CT Era) 200 Imaging Modalities 200
17. Neurosurgical Pathology ............................................................................................216
Ashok Parameswaran, Annapurneswari Subramanyan
Techniques and Methodology in Neuropathology 217 Brain Tumors 221 Developmental
Mass Lesions Epilepsy 221 Infections and Inflammations 222 Prionopathies 222
Demyelinating Pseudotumors 223
SECTION 4: Anesthesia and Adjuncts in Neurosurgery
18. Neuroanesthesia ........................................................................................................227
Rammohan M Naidu
Anesthesia and Intracranial Pressure 227 Anesthetic Agents 228
Neuroanesthetic Management 229 Neuroanesthesia for Specific Conditions 236
19. Neurophysiologic Monitoring in Neurosurgery ............................................................246
Aashit K Shah, Anne Guyot, Sandeep Mittal
Intraoperative Monitoring 246 Neurophysiologic Monitoring in ICU 267
20. Stereotaxy and Image-guided Neurosurgery .................................................................272
Samit S Mehta, Murugan Logamuthukrishnan
Stereotaxy 272 Intraoperative Imaging 280 Robotic Neurosurgery 283
21. Neuroendoscopy .......................................................................................................288
Manas Panigrahi, Amit K Thotakura
Historical Perspectives 288 Principle and Equipment 289 Endoscopic Components
and Tools 291 Instruments 291 Operative Technique 293 Applications 296
Complications 300 Future of Neuroendoscopy 300 Our Experience 300
SECTION 5: Neuro-ophthalmology
22. Papilledema ..............................................................................................................305
Kanthamani Polisetty
Pathophysiology 305 Clinical Features 306 Investigations 307 Differential
Diagnosis 307 Management 307 Ophthalmologist and Neurosurgeon in the
Management of Paplledema 310
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23. Traumatic Optic Neuropathy ......................................................................................313
Purav Patel, Prativa Misra
Optic Nerve Injuries 313 Other Forms of Post-traumatic Visual Impairment 319 Post-traumatic
Delayed Episodic Blindness 319 Optochiasmal Arachnoiditis 319 Post-traumatic Papilledema 319
24. Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension ...........................................................................323
Venkatavaradan Raghavan, Krishnaprasad Moodambikana
Epidemiology 323 Etiology 323 Pathophysiology 324 Clinical Features 324
Diagnostic Evaluation 325 Management 328
SECTION 6: Neurodevelopmental Disorders
25. Spinal and Cranial Dysraphisms..................................................................................337
Spyros Sgouros, Arul Kanagarajan
Embryology 337 Pathogenesis 337
26. Congenital Cortical Malformations ..............................................................................355
Mohan R Sharma
Neuroembryology 355 Etiology of Neural Tube Defects 357 Prenatal Diagnosis 357
Neural Tube Fusion Defects (Weeks 3 4) 358 Brain Segmentation Defects (Weeks 5 10) 358
Cortical Defects (Months 2 5) 359 Combined Malformations 363 Developmental
Myelination Disorders (Months 5 15) 364
27. Chiari Malformations .................................................................................................368
Prakash Modha
Chiari I 368 Chiari II 372 Chiari III and IV 374 Chiari Type 0 and 1.5 374
28. Syringomyelia (Syrinx) ...............................................................................................380
Prakash Modha
Classification 380 Pathogenesis 381 Clinical Features 383 Imaging 383
Treatment 384 Outcome 385 Syrinx and Spinal Deformities 385
29. Dandy-Walker Malformation and Other Neurodevelopmental Cysts .............................389
Arul Kanagarajan
Dandy-Walker Malformation 389 Ependymal Cysts 393 Rathke's Cleft Cysts 393
Neuroenteric Cysts 394 Porencephalic Cysts 396 Choroid Plexus Cysts 396
Neuroglial Cysts 396 Pineal Cysts 396 Mesencephalic and Third Ventricle Cysts 396
Frontal Horn Cysts 397 Enlarged Perivascular Spaces 397
30. Hydrocephalus and Shunts .........................................................................................401
Chidambaram Balasubramaniam
Pathophysiology 401 Hydrocephalus in Children 402 Hydrocephalus in Adults 405
Clinical Features 405 Investigations 406 Management 406 Shunt Surgery 409
Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV) 414 Prenatal Shunts 415 Outcome 415
31. Arachnoidal Cysts ......................................................................................................420
Purav Patel
Epidemiology 420 Pathology 420 Arachnoid Cysts by Location 423
Spinal Arachnoid Cysts 424 Secondary (False) Arachnoid Cysts 427
Contents
xix
32. Craniosynostosis ........................................................................................................431
Samit S Mehta, Sridhar Krishnamurthy
Growth of Brain and Skull 431 Etiopathogenesis 432 Classification 432
Types of Skull Deformities 433 Nonsyndromic Craniosynostoses 435
Syndromic Craniosynostoses 435 Clinical Features 437 Investigations 437
Management 437
33. Craniovertebral Junction Abnormalities .......................................................................443
Anil Pande
Embryology 443 Pathology 444 Developmental Abnormalities of CVJ 445
Developmental Syndromes of CVJ 448 Acquired Abnormalities of CVJ 448
Clinical Features 449 Imaging 450 Management 450
SECTION 7: Infections in Neurosurgery
34. Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System ......................................................457
Lakshmi Sarma, Nigel P Symss
Bacterial Meningitis 457 Neurosurgical Bacterial Meningitis 460 Brain Abscess 462
Subdural and Epidural Empyemas 465 Pyocephalus 466 Skull Osteomyelitis 466
35. Tuberculosis of the Central Nervous System ................................................................473
Murali S Mohan
Pathogenesis 473 Tuberculous Meningitis 475 Tuberculomas 478
Tuberculous Brain Abscess 479 Intraspinal Tuberculosis 480
36. Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System ..........................................................486
Abdul Ghafur, Mohit Shidore
Pathogenesis 486 Clinical Presentations 487 Diagnosis 488 Treatment 490
Outcome 491 Specific Fungal Infections of Central Nervous System 491
37. Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System .......................................................502
Nigel P Symss
Neurocysticercosis 502 Neuroechinococcosis 507 Neurotoxoplasmosis 509
Cerebral Amoebiasis 510 Cerebral Malaria 510 Neurotrichinosis 511
Neuroschistosomiasis 511 Neuroparagonimiasis 511
38. Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System ............................................................516
Hariprakash Chakaravarthy, Sivakumar M Rajappa
Pathology 516 Specific Viruses 516 Other Viruses 524 Virus Associated
Syndromes 524 Slow Viruses 524
SECTION 8: Neurotrauma
39. Traumatic Brain Injuries .............................................................................................535
Chandrasekar Kalavakonda
Epidemiology 535 Biomechanics of Head Injury 535 Pathology 536
Management 539 Rehabilitation 542 Outcome 543 Sequelae of
Head Injuries 543
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40. Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhages ...........................................................................550
Krishna Sharma
Epidural Hematoma 550 Epidural Hematoma in Children 552 Posterior Cranial Fossa
Epidural Hematoma 553 Subdural Hematoma 553 Intracerebral Hematomas 559 Brain Stem
Hemorrhage 561 Intraventricular Hemorrhage 562 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 562
41. Scalp and Skull Injuries ..............................................................................................569
Krishnaprasad Moodambikana
Scalp Injuries 569 Skull Fractures 571 Penetrating Injuries 578
42. Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistulae .......................................................................................584
Ganesh Krishnamurthy
Clinical Features 584 Diagnosis 584 Classification 586 Surgical Management
of CSF Rhinorrhea 589
43. Cranial Nerve Injuries ................................................................................................593
Purav Patel 593
Olfactory Nerve Injuries 593 Optic Nerve Injuries 594 Oculomotor Nerve Injuries 594
Trochlear Nerve Injuries 596 Trigeminal Nerve Injuries 597 Abducent Nerve Injuries 598
Facial Nerve Injuries 598 Facial Rehabilitation Surgery 601 Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Injuries 601 Glossopharyngeal Nerve Injuries 602 Vagus Nerve Injuries 602 Accessory
Nerve Injuries 602 Hypoglossal Nerve Injuries 603 Collet-sicard Syndrome 603
44. Faciomaxillary Injuries ...............................................................................................606
Sridhar Krishnamurthy
Epidemiology 606 Emergency Treatment 606 Initial Assessment 608
Management 609 Fracture by Sites 611 Faciomaxillary Injuries in Children 615
45. Cranial Defects and Cranioplasty ................................................................................618
Murugan Logamuthukrishnan
Clinical Problems of Skull Defect 618 Cranioplasty 620
46. Brain Death ...............................................................................................................629
Ganapathy Krishnan
Concept of Brain Death 629 Incidence of Brain Death 630 Pathophysiology of Brain
Death 630 Need for Declaration of Brain Death 630 Clinical Evaluation of Brain
Stem Death 631
SECTION 9: Cerebrovascular Disorders
47. Transient Ischemic Attacks and Cerebral Revascularization ..........................................641
Vincent A Thamburaj, Balaji Venugopal
Etiology of Cerebral Ischemia 641 Clinical Profile of Cerebral Ischemia 642
Investigations 643 Surgery for TIAs 646
48. Acute Ischemic Stroke ................................................................................................661
Panneer Adhinarayanan, Mohit Shidores
Risk Factors 661 Etiology 662 Pathophysiology 662 Management 663
Surgery in Acute Stroke 668 Surgery in Stroke Rehabilitation 672 Pediatric Stroke 673
Contents
xxi
49. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis ......................................................................................679
Deepak Arjundas
Cerebral Venous Anatomy 679 Etiopathogenesis 679 Clinical Features 680
Imaging Studies 680 Management 683 Outcome 684
50. Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage .......................................................................687
Krishna Sharma
Etiology 687 Pathophysiology 688 Clinical Features 689 Investigations 689
Management 690 Outcome 693
51. Vasculitis of the Central Nervous System .....................................................................699
Sivakumar M Rajappa
Pathology 699 Clinical Features 699 Diagnosis 700 Causes of CNS Vasculitis 702
Treatment 705
52. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage .........................................................................................709
Prithika Chary, Ritesh K Bhoot
Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 709 Nontraumatic/Spontaneous Subarachnoid
Hemorrhage 709 Aneurismal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 711
53. Intracranial Aneurysms ...............................................................................................724
Anil Sangli, Hirotoshi Sano
Pathology 724 Clinical Presentation 727 Imaging 727 Management 729
54. Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations ........................................................................744
Ketan R Bulsara
Pathology 744 Investigations 746 Management 748
55. Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae ....................................................................755
Samit S Mehta, Ketan R Bulsara
Pathology 755 Clinical Features 756 Investigations 756 Management 758
56. Carotid Cavernous Fistulae .........................................................................................761
Anil P Karapurkar, Nishant K Aditya
Cavernous Sinus Anatomy 761 Etiology 761 Pathology 761 Clinical Features 762
Investigations 764 Management 764
57. Cavernomas of the Central Nervous System .................................................................771
Anil Sangli, Yoko Kato
Epidemiology 771 Pathology 771 Natural History 772 Clinical Features 773
Imaging 773 Management 774 Spinal Cavernomas 775
58. Venous and Capillary Malformations of the Central Nervous System .............................781
Ramnarayanan Ramachandran
Venous Angiomas 781 Vein of Galen Malformations 782 Capillary Telangiectasia 786
59. Genetics of Cerebrovascular Lesions ..........................................................................790
Mahmoud Rayes, Monika Mittal, Fadi Delly, Sandeep Mittal
Intracranial Aneurysms 790 Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations 795
Cerebral Cavernous Malformations 797
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60. Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations.............................805
Ganapathy Krishnan
Clinical Profile 806 Decision Making 806 Procedure 807 Procedure Related
Complications 810 Follow-up 810 Outcome 810 Causes of Treatment Failure 811
Complications 812 Technical Issues 813
61. Endovascular Neurosurgery ........................................................................................821
Santhosh Joseph, Ravindra Kamble
Intracranial Aneurysms 821 Arteriovenous Malformations 824 Vein of Galen
Malformations 826 Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas or Malformations 829 Carotid Cavernous
Fistulae 830 Stroke 831 Extracranial Vascular Disease 833 Intracranial Vascular
Disease 835 Preoperative Embolization of Head and Neck Tumors 836 Spinal Vascular
Malformations 837 Percutaneous Spinal Interventions 840
Volume 2
SECTION 10: Brain Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions
62. Brain Tumors: An Overview .......................................................................................851
Reginald John
Etiology 851 Classification 854 Epidemiology 854 Pathology 855
Clinical Features 856 Investigations 858 Management 859 Outcome 861
63. The Spectrum of Gliomas ...........................................................................................865
Vincent A Thamburaj, Annapurneswari Subramanyan
Pathology 865 Clinical Presentation 872 Imaging 873 Management 874
Outcome 878
64. Intracranial High-grade Gliomas .................................................................................884
Sandeep Mittal, Mark Hoeprich, William J Kupsky, Geoffrey R Barger
Epidemiology 884 Clinical Presentation 885 Neuroimaging 885 Neuropathologic
Evaluation 887 Molecular Analysis of Glioblastomas 888 Primary Versus Secondary
Glioblastomas 890 Molecular Analysis of Anaplastic Gliomas 891 Clinical Prognostic
Factors 891 Management 893 Adjuvant Therapies 897 Treatment Options
for Recurrent Gliomas 903 Treatment of Patients with Poorest Prognosis 906
Treatment Related Effects 906
65. Intracranial Low-grade Gliomas ..................................................................................918
Sandeep Mittal, Andrew M Lozen, William J Kupsky, Geoffrey R Barger
Epidemiology 919 Clinical Presentation 919 Neuroimaging 920 Neuropathological
Evaluation 922 Molecular Genetics of Low-grade Gliomas 926 Clinical Prognostic
Factors 927 Treatment 928 Treatment of Recurrent Low-grade Gliomas 935 Treatment
of Low-grade Gliomas in Elderly Patients 935
66. Brainstem Gliomas .....................................................................................................941
Arul Kanagarajan
Pathology 941 Clinical Features 942 Investigations 943 Management 943
Prognosis 946
Contents
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67. Optic Gliomas ...........................................................................................................950
Sunil Perera
Pathology 950 Clinical Features 951 Investigations 952 Management 952
68. Neuronal and Glioneuronal Tumors ............................................................................956
Feda A Makkiyah
Ganglioglioma 956 Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma 958 Gangliocytoma or
Ganglioneuroma 958 Dysplastic Gangliocytoma of the Cerebellum (Lhermitte-Duclos Disease) 959
Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor 959 Central Neurocytoma 960 Cerebellar
Liponeurocytoma 960 Paraganglioma of Filum Terminale 961
69. Ependymomas ...........................................................................................................965
Mohit Shidore, Ravi Bhatia
Pathology 965 Classic Ependymomas 965 Myxopapillary Ependymoma 969
Subependymoma 970
70. Choroid Plexus Papillomas .........................................................................................976
Vasudevan M Chakravarthi
Pathology 976 Genetics 977 Clinical Features 978 Imaging 978
Management 979 Prognosis 980
71. Hemangioblastomas ...................................................................................................984
Mahmood Hassan
Pathology 984 Clinical Features 986 Investigations 986 Treatment 988
Outcome 989
72. Medulloblastomas and Other Embryonal Tumors of the Central Nervous System ...........993
Gerard Plans
Medulloblastomas 993 Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors 997
Medulloepithelioma 998 Ependymoblastoma 998 Central Nervous System 998
Neuroblastoma 998 Atypical Teratoid or Rhabdoid Tumors 999
73. Germ Cell Tumors of the Central Nervous System ...................................................... 1005
Michael Brzozowski, Radoslaw Rola
Pathology 1005 Clinical Features 1007 Investigations 1008 Management 1008
74. Intracranial Meningiomas ......................................................................................... 1011
Anil Sangli, Tetsuo Kanno
Epidemiology 1011 Genetics 1011 Etiology 1012 Pathology 1012
Clinical Features 1014 Imaging 1015 Management 1018 Meningiomas
by Location 1019
75. Intracranial Schwannomas ........................................................................................ 1038
Vasudevan M Chakravarthi
Vestibular Schwannomas 1038 Trigeminal Schwannomas 1045 Facial Nerve
Schwannomas 1048 Jugular Foramen Schwannomas 1048 Hypoglossal
Schwannomas 1048 Other Intracranial Schwannomas 1049
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76. Familial Tumor Syndromes of the Central Nervous System ......................................... 1056
Thomas L Beaumont, Monika Mittal, Fadi Delly, Sandeep Mittal
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 1056 Neurofibromatosis Type 2 1061 Tuberous Sclerosis 1064
Von Hippel-lindau Disease 1068 Gorlin Syndrome 1070 Li-fraumeni Syndrome 1073
Cowden Syndrome 1075 Turcot Syndrome 1079
77. Pituitary Tumors ...................................................................................................... 1095
Vincent A Thamburaj
Anatomical Aspects 1095 Pituitary Adenomas 1096 Specific Tumor Types 1106
78. Craniopharyngiomas ................................................................................................ 1119
Selvakumar Kumaravelu
Incidence 1119 Pathology 1119 Immunohistochemistry 1122
Clinical Presentation 1123 Differential Diagnosis 1123 Neuroimaging 1124
Management 1124 Outcome 1127 Follow-up 1128
79. Empty Sella Syndrome ..............................................................................................1134
Abhijit K Hazra
Primary Empty Sella Syndrome 1134 Secondary Empty Sella 1135
Clinical Features 1135 Imaging 1136 Management 1136
80. Colloid Cysts ........................................................................................................... 1141
Nigel P Symss, Ravi Ramamurthi
Regional Embryology of Third Ventricle 1141 Pathology 1141 Clinical Features 1142
Investigations 1143 Differential Diagnosis 1144 Management 1144
81. Inclusion Tumors of the Central Nervous System ....................................................... 1150
Sundar Venkataraman
Epidermoids 1150 Dermoids 1153 Teratomas 1155 Lipomas 1155
82. Primary Central Nervous System Lymphomas ............................................................ 1158
Siddhartha Ghosh
Epidemiology 1158 Pathology 1159 Clinical Features 1160 Diagnosis 1161
Treatment 1162 Prognostic Factors 1164 Our Experience 1164
83. Melanotic Tumors of the Central Nervous System ...................................................... 1168
Abhijit K Hazra
Melanomas 1168 Phakomatoses (Neurocutaneous Syndromes) 1171 Other Melanotic
Central Nervous System Tumors 1172
84. Cerebral Metastases and other Neurological Manifestations of Systemic Cancers ......... 1177
Kazadi KN Kalangu
Intraparenchymal Metastasis 1177 Dural Metastases 1183 Leptomeningeal
Metastases 1183 Peripheral Nervous System Metastases 1186 Nonmetastatic Central
Nervous System Manifestations 1186 Treatment Complications 1187
85. Intraventricular Tumors ............................................................................................1194
Tanuj Nayyar, Ravishankar V Emani
Clinical Evaluation 1194 Investigations 1195 Management 1196
Contents
xxv
Lateral Ventricles 1196 Third Ventricle 1202 Fourth Ventricle 1205
Endoscopic Surgery 1206 Stereotactic Surgery 1206
86. Pineal Region Tumors .............................................................................................. 1209
Manoj K Tewari, Suresh N Mathuriya
Historical Perspective 1209 Clinical Features 1210 Diagnosis 1210
Specific Tumors 1211 Management 1212 Surgical Anatomy 1214
Operative Approaches 1215
87. Orbital Tumors ........................................................................................................1221
Sunil Perera
Regional Anatomy 1221 Clinical Features 1223 Investigations 1224
Management 1224 Pathology 1228 Tumor Types 1228
88. Jugular Foramen Tumors........................................................................................... 1237
Siddartha Ghosh
Anatomical Considerations 1237 Pathology 1238 Clinical Manifestations 1239
Specific Approaches 1242 Postoperative Complications 1247 Summary of
Author's Experience 1248
89. Skull Tumors ........................................................................................................... 1253
Balaganapathy K Thiruvillamalai
Clinical Features 1253 Imaging 1254 Management 1254
90. Skull Base Surgery ...................................................................................................1273
Rayappa Chinnasamy, Vincent A Thamburaj
Surgical Anatomy 1273 Clinical Features 1276 Pathology 1276 Imaging 1276
Cerebral Blood Flow Evaluation 1277 General Considerations of Skull Base Surgery 1278
Approaches to Anterior Skull Base 1279 Approaches to Middle Skull Base 1284 Approaches
to Posterior Skull Base 1289 Postoperative Care 1298 Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery 1299
91. Radiotherapy for Central Nervous System Tumors ...................................................... 1305
Mahadev Potharaju
Radiobiology of Central Nervous System Tissue 1305 Clinical Applications of Radiotherapy 1307
Forms of Radiotherapy 1308 Radiotherapy and Specific Tumors 1312
92. Chemotherapy for Central Nervous System Tumors .................................................... 1317
Ranjan K Mohapatra
Chemotherapeutic Agents 1317 Hurdles to Effective Chemotherapy of CNS Tumors 1319
Methods of Administ