Opioids have played a prominent role in society for centuries and have been lauded for both their analgesic and euphoric qualities by cultures throughout the world. The advent of medical and pharmaceutical sciences in the 20th century ushered in a wide variety of different commercial opioid products that were designed to maximize their therapeutic potential. As the use of opioids increased, a corresponding need emerged to understand more about how opioids exert their effects in the body and brain the consequences of opioid use regarding physical dependence, withdrawal, and craving how we might best treat opioid use disorder (OUD) and address risk for opioid-related overdose and how opioids may intersect with other clinical conditions to produce unique challenges.

Edited by Kelly E. Dunn, The Oxford Handbook of Opioids and Opioid Use Disorder synthesizes research across the spectrum, and establishes a foundational knowledge regarding historical and current epidemiological trends, neurobiological and genetic contributors to opioid effects and OUD, and core elements of opioid use such as withdrawal and craving. It provides specific information and guidance regarding opioid treatment paradigms, including chapters on specific pharmacotherapies as well as treatment approaches, and discusses considerations for special clinical populations. An overview of these respective issues is provided across 38 chapters, which outline the history and science of these topics alongside clinical considerations and case examples.

Written by expert bench scientists, epidemiologists, clinical trial interventionists, medical practitioners, and harm reduction specialists, this handbook will serve as a comprehensive guide for practitioners, policymakers, students, and researchers who wish to achieve a better understanding of the complex world of opioid and OUD practice and science.

CONTESTS:
Chapter 1: Historical Events that Shaped Contemporary Opioid Trends
Chapter 2: Epidemiology of Opioid Use and Smoking, Alcohol, and Polysubstance Use Among Persons Using Opioids
Chapter 3: Opioid Use Disorder: Diagnostic History and Current Understanding
Chapter 4: Access to Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder
Chapter 5: The Current Status of Medical Student Education on Opioids
Chapter 6: The Neurobiology of Opioid Use
Chapter 7: Genetic Influences in Opioid Use Disorder
Chapter 8: The Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome: Presentation, Measurement, and Management
Chapter 9: Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Chapter 10: Opioid Craving: Understanding Its Measurement, Mechanisms, and Treatment
Chapter 11: Opioids and Cognition
Chapter 12: Opioid Effects on Sleep: Review of the Literature and Consideration of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal
Chapter 13: Fentanyl
Chapter 14: Tramadol
Chapter 15: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): Pharmacology and Use of a Naturally Occurring Atypical Opioid
Chapter 16: Ibogaine and Noribogaine
Chapter 17: Abuse Deterrent and Sustained Release Opioid Formulations
Chapter 18: Methadone
Chapter 19: Buprenorphine
Chapter 20: Naltrexone
Chapter 21: Clonidine
Chapter 22: Lofexidine
Chapter 23: Injectable Opioid Treatment
Chapter 24: Long-Term Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder With Medications
Chapter 25: Supervised Withdrawal Opioid Use Disorder Treatments
Chapter 26: Psychosocial Treatment Methods
Chapter 27: Behavioral and Self-directed Treatments for Opioid Use Disorder
Chapter 28: Contingency Management Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder
Chapter 29: Treating Opioid Use During Pregnancy and Postpartum Life Phases
Chapter 30: Pharmacy-Based Treatment Options for Opioid Use Disorder
Chapter 31: Opioid Overdose: Mechanisms and Naloxone
Chapter 32: Opioid Overdose: Intervention Strategies
Chapter 33: Supervised Consumption Services
Chapter 34: Psychiatric Comorbidities Among Persons Who Are Using Opioids
Chapter 35: Sex as a Biological Variable and Gender as a Social Construct in the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder
Chapter 36: Challenges of Opioid Use Disorder in Rural Settings
Chapter 37: Differences Between Those Engaged in Heroin Use and Non-Prescribed Opioid Use
Chapter 38: The Impact of Opioid Use Disorder on Families and Children