The second edition of Essentials of Haematology brings students fully up to date with common haematologic disorders and blood transfusion, with an emphasis on pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.

Divided into five sections, topics include blood physiology, red and white blood cell disorders, haemostasis disorders and blood transfusion. Each chapter discusses the diagnosis and treatment of a different disorder and the final section describes transfusion techniques.

This comprehensive new edition includes more than 400 full colour figures, tables and illustrations with descriptions to assist learning.
Key points

New edition bringing students up to date with common haematologic disorders and blood transfusion
Emphasis on pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
Includes more than 400 full colour figures, tables and illustrations
Previous edition published in 2006

SECTION 1: PHYSIOLOGY OF BLOOD
Chapter 1: Overview of Physiology of Blood 1
Normal Haematopoiesis 1
Red Blood Cells
6
White Blood Cells
15
Immune System 27
Megakaryopoiesis 32
Normal Haemostasis 33
SECTION 2: DISORDERS OF RED BLOOD CELLS (ANAEMIAS)
Chapter 2: Approach to Diagnosis of Anaemias 52
Approach to Diagnosis 53
Chapter 3: Anaemias Due to Impaired Red Cell Production 71
Iron Deficiency Anaemia 71
Normal Iron Metabolism
71
Causes of Iron Deficiency Anaemia
75
Clinical Features 76
Laboratory Features 76
Differential Diagnosis 81
Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anaemia
81
Megaloblastic Anaemias 83
Normal Vitamin B12 Metabolism 83
Normal Folate Metabolism
86
General Morphological Features of Megaloblastic Anaemia
86
Causes of Megaloblastic Anaemia
89
Aplastic Anaemia and Related Disorders 97
Acquired Aplastic Anaemia
98
Contents
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Essentials of Haematology
Constitutional Aplastic Anaemia 106
Pure Red Cell Aplasia 107
Anaemia of Chronic Disorders 108
Pathogenesis 109
Clinical Features 110
Laboratory Features 110
Differential Diagnosis 111
Treatment 111
Sideroblastic Anaemia 111
Sideroblasts 111
Types and Causes 112
Pathogenesis 112
Anaemia of Chronic Renal Failure 114
Pathogenesis 114
Clinical and Laboratory Features 115
Treatment 115
Anaemia of Liver Disease 115
Myelophthisic Anaemia 116
Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anaemias (CDA) 116
CDA Type I 117
CDA Type II 117
CDA Type III 118
Chapter 4: Anaemias Due to Excessive Red Cell Destruction 121
Hereditary Spherocytosis 121
Aetiopathogenesis 121
Inheritance 122
Clinical Features 122
Laboratory Features 123
Diagnosis of Hereditary Spherocytosis 127
Differential Diagnosis 127
Treatment 128
Hereditary Disorders of Haemoglobin 128
General Features and Approach to Diagnosis 128
The Thalassaemias 141
Sickle-Cell Disorders 171
Disorders of Red Cell Enzymes 185
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency 185
xi
Contents
Immune Haemolytic Anaemias 192
Classification 192
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn 202
Rh Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn 203
ABO Haemolytic Disease of Newborn 209
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria 210
Pathogenesis 210
Clinical Features 212
Laboratory Features 212
Treatment 215
Prognosis 215
Mechanical Haemolytic Anaemias 216
Microangiopathic Haemolytic Anaemia 216
March Haemoglobinuria 217
Cardiac Haemolytic Anaemia 217
Haemolytic Anaemia Due to Direct Action of Physical,
Chemical, or Infectious Agents 217
Physical Agents 217
Chemical Agents 217
Infectious Agents 217
Hypersplenism 218
Normal Structure and Function of Spleen 218
Causes of Splenomegaly 219
Diagnostic Criteria 219
SECTION 3: DISORDERS OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Chapter 5: Acute Leukaemias 224
Diagnosis and Classification 224
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia 241
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia 252
Chapter 6: Myelodysplastic Syndromes 267
Pathogenesis 267
Classification of MDS 268
Clinical Features 269
Laboratory Features 269
Differential Diagnosis 273
Prognosis 274
Treatment 274
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Essentials of Haematology
Chapter 7: Myeloproliferative Neoplasms 277
Pathogenesis 278
Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia 278
Polycythaemia Vera 289
Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF) 294
Essential Thrombocythaemia 296
Chapter 8: Chronic Lymphoid Leukaemias 299
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia 299
Prolymphocytic Leukaemia 306
Hairy Cell Leukaemia 308
Chapter 9: Plasma Cell Dyscrasias 312
Investigations in Plasma Cell Dyscrasias 312
Multiple Myeloma 318
Waldenstrom¡ s Macroglobulinaemia 329
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance 332
Chapter 10: Malignant Lymphomas 335
Hodgkin¡ s Lymphoma 336
Non-Hodgkin¡ s Lymphoma 340
Chapter 11: Quantitative and Qualitative Disorders of Leucocytes 350
Disorders of Granulocytes 351
Neutrophilia 351
Leucoerythroblastic Reaction 353
Leukaemoid Reaction 353
Neutropaenia 354
Eosinophilia 356
Basophilia 357
Disorders of Phagocytic Leucocytes Characterised
by Morphologic Changes 357
Disorders of MonocyteMacrophage
System360
Monocytosis 360
Storage Disorders 361
Lymphocytosis 364
Infectious Mononucleosis 365
Immunodeficiency Diseases 369
Classification of Immunodeficiency Diseases 370
Chapter 12: Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 375
Types of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) 375
Sources of Haematopoietic Stem Cells 380
Recent Advances in HSCT 380
xiii
Contents
SECTION 4: DISORDERS OF HAEMOSTASIS
Chapter 13: Approach to the Diagnosis of Bleeding Disorders 382
Clinical Evaluation 382
Laboratory Evaluation 385
Laboratory Tests 385
Specific Tests 391
Chapter 14: Bleeding Disorders Caused by Abnormalities
of Blood Vessels (The Vascular Purpuras) 399
Anaphylactoid Purpura (Henoch-Schonlein Purpura, Allergic Purpura) 400
Infections 400
Scurvy 400
Senile Purpura 400
Purpura Simplex 401
Mechanical Purpura 401
Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu Disease) 401
Chapter 15: Bleeding Disorders Caused by Abnormalities of Platelets 402
Thrombocytopaenia 402
Thrombocytosis 413
Disorders of Platelet Function 414
Chapter 16: Disorders of Coagulation 420
Inherited Disorders of Coagulation 420
Haemophilia A 420
von Willebrand Disease 432
Haemophilia B 438
Inherited Disorders of Fibrinogen 439
Acquired Disorders of Coagulation 440
Vitamin K Deficiency 440
Liver Disease (Cirrhosis of Liver) 441
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 442
Acquired Inhibitors of Coagulation (Circulating Anticoagulants) 447
Heparin Therapy 450
Oral Anticoagulants 451
Other Acquired Coagulation Disorders 453
SECTION 5: BLOOD TRANSFUSION
Chapter 17: Blood Group Systems 456
ABO System 457
The Rh System 460
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Essentials of Haematology
Chapter 18: Serologic and Microbiologic Techniques 463
Serologic Techniques 463
Microbiologic Techniques 473
Chapter 19: Collection of Donor Blood, Processing and Storage 477
Types of Blood Donors 477
Criteria for Selection of Blood Donors 478
Collection of Donor Blood 482
Processing of Donor Blood 484
Storage of Donor Blood Unit 484
Chapter 20: Whole Blood, Blood Components and Blood Derivatives 486
Whole Blood 487
Blood Components 489
Blood Derivatives 495
Chapter 21: Transfusion of Blood to the Recipient 497
Selection of Donor Blood for Whole Blood or Packed Red Cell Transfusion 498
Selection of Donor Plasma 499
Antibody Screening and Identification 499
Compatibility Test 499
Issue of Donor Blood Unit 499
Transfusion of Blood Unit 500
Chapter 22: Adverse Effects of Transfusion 502
Immediate Complications 503
Delayed Complications 507
Complications Associated with Massive Blood Transfusion 512
Chapter 23: Autologous Transfusion 513
Predeposit Autologous Blood Transfusion 513
Acute Normovolaemic Haemodilution 514
Blood Salvage 515
Chapter 24: Alternatives to Blood Transfusion 516
Haematopoietic Growth Factors (HGFs) 517
Red Cell Substitutes 517
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Reference Ranges 519
Appendix B: Selected CD Antigens 522
Appendix C: Critical Values in Haematology 525
Suggested Reading 526
Index 529