Evolution of Neurosurgical Techniques..........................................................................3
Thimmappa Hegde, Sarat Chandra P 3
2. History of Microneurosurgery.........................................................................................18
Thimmappa Hegde, Sarat Chandra P 18
Section: 2
Diagnostics
Santhosh Joseph
3. Electrodiagnosis................................................................................................................25
Manjari Tripathi, Priya Gupta, Sarat Chandra P 25
4. I ntracranial Pressure..........................................................................................................43
Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 43
5. Neuro-Ophthalmology.....................................................................................................54
Tandon R, Saxena R, Phuljhele S 54
6. Neuro-Otology....................................................................................................................67
Sathiya Murali, Srividya, Mohan Kameswaran 67
ii. C ochlear and Brainstem Implants..................................................................................81
Mohan Kameswaran, Kiran Natarajan 81
7. Neuroendocrinology.........................................................................................................91
Ravi Ramamurthi, Ravindranath Kapu 91
Contents
xvi
Textbook of Neurosurgery
8. I ntra-Operative Monitoring.............................................................................................99
Babu KS, Rajasekar V 99
9. C onventional Radiology.................................................................................................110
Ravi Ramamurthi, Goutham Cugati 110
10. Basics of Computed Tomography.................................................................................116
Veena Norhona 116
11. R adiology: Intracranial Tumours..................................................................................128
Kesavdas 128
12. R adiology: Intracranial Infections................................................................................147
Bejoy Thomas 147
Section: 3
Congenital
NK Venkatramana
13. Embryology: Skull and Vertebral Column................................................................163
Muthukumar N 163
14. Embryology: Brain and Spinal Cord............................................................................172
Muthukumar N 172
15. C ongenital Malformations of Cerebrum....................................................................183
Venkatramana NK, Ravi Shankar S 183
16. Encephalocoeles...............................................................................................................195
Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 195
17. I ntracranial Arachnoid Cysts.........................................................................................208
Chidambaram Balasubramaniam, Vani Santosh 208
18. C raniofacial Deformities (Craniostenosis).................................................................224
Uday Andar, Nitin Mokal 224
xvii
Contents
19. S pinal Dysraphic States..................................................................................................231
Venkatramana NK 231
20. Hydrocephalus.................................................................................................................245
Venkatramana NK 245
21. Endoscopic Management of Hydrocephalus..............................................................259
Aaron Mohanty 259
22. N ormal Pressure Hydrocephalus..................................................................................269
Sanjay Behari, Das NK, Vimal Kumar V 269
23. Bony Anomalies of the Craniovertebral Junction.....................................................285
Sanjay Behari, Rabi N Sahu, Vijendra Kumar Jain 285
24. Syringomyelia...................................................................................................................293
Suresh Nair, Girish Menon, BRM Rao 293
Section: 4
Head Injuries
Ashok Kumar Mahapatra
25. Epidemiology of Head Injury........................................................................................309
Rajkumar, Samir Kumar Kalra, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra
26. Biomechanics of Head Injury........................................................................................314
Deepak Agrawal, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 314
27. Pathology..........................................................................................................................318
Sankar SK, Anita Mahadevan 318
28. C oncussion Brain.............................................................................................................357
Sandeep Vaishya, Khan Z 357
29. C erebral Contusions........................................................................................................361
Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 361
30. Diffuse Axonal Injury.....................................................................................................370
Rajkumar, Vivek Kumar Vaid, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 370
xviii
Textbook of Neurosurgery
31. Fat Embolism....................................................................................................................378
Krishna Reddy A 378
32. Paediatric Head Injuries.................................................................................................383
Chidambaram Balasubramaniam, Ramachandran B 383
33. C linical Assessment of a Head Injured Patient.........................................................406
Rajkumar, Samir Kumar Kalra, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 406
34. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance in Head Injury...........................................................411
Sharma RR 411
35. S calp Injuries....................................................................................................................422
Krishna Reddy A 422
36. A cute Subdural Haematomas........................................................................................432
Sanjay Behari, Anuj Chaitley, Manish Singh Sharma, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 432
37. Extradural Haematomas..................................................................................................440
Ashok Kumar Mahapatra, Vivek Kumar Vaid, Rajkumar 440
38. T raumatic Intracerebral Haematomas..........................................................................446
Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 446
39. T raumatic Brainstem Haematomas...............................................................................453
Ashok Kumar Mahapatra, Deepak Agrawal 453
40. C omplications and Sequelae of Head Injuries..........................................................458
Khosla VK, Gupta SK, Mukherjee KK, Chhabra R 458
41. Cranioplasty.....................................................................................................................471
Ramesh Kumar Sharma, Mathuriya SN 471
42. Maxillofacial Injuries......................................................................................................481
Arun Kumar Singh, Upadhyay DN 481
43. T raumatic CSF Fistulae...................................................................................................487
Ravi Ramamurthi, Amit Kapoor 487
xix
Contents
44. Missile Injuries of the Brain..........................................................................................493
Harjinder S Bhatoe 493
45. Endocrine Abnormalities following Traumatic Brain Injuries...............................502
Deepak Kumar Gupta, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 502
46. O ptic Nerve Injury...........................................................................................................513
Ashok Kumar Mahapatra, Deepak Kumar Gupta 513
Section: 5
Spinal Injuries
Ravi Ramamurthi
47. A ssessment and Emergency Management of Acute Spinal Injuries.....................533
Anil Pande, Pradeep Kumar Jain N 533
48. Biomechanics of the Spine.............................................................................................550
Anil Pande, Goutham Cugati 550
49. I njuries of the Craniovertebral Junction and Upper Cervical Spine.....................567
Sarat Chandra P, Vamsi Yerramani 567
50. Injuries of the Subaxial Cervical Spine.......................................................................579
Anil Pande, Ravindranath Kapu 579
51. Whiplash Injury...............................................................................................................598
Harjinder S Bhatoe 598
52. T horacic and Thoracolumbar Injuries.........................................................................601
Ramakrishna Easwaran 601
53. L umbar and Lumbosacral Injuries...............................................................................622
Ramakrishna Easwaran 622
54. Penetrating Injuries of the Spine..................................................................................625
Harjinder S Bhatoe 625
xx
Textbook of Neurosurgery
Section: 6
Peripheral Nerve
VS Mehta
55. A natomy and Physiology of the Peripheral Nerve...................................................639
Sharma M, Gupta A, VS Mehta 639
56. General Principles of Management of Peripheral Nerve Injuries.........................644
David A Omahen, Hazem Eltahawy, Abhit Guha 644
57. Surgical Anatomy and Management of Brachial Plexus Injuries..........................652
Venkataswami R, Purushothaman V 652
58. Management of Injuries to Specific Peripheral Nerve.............................................671
Gupta A, Ahmad FU, VS Mehta 671
59. Entrapment Syndromes..................................................................................................679
Sarat Chandra P, VS Mehta 679
Section: 7
Infections
AK Singh
60. Brain Abscess....................................................................................................................695
Dharkar SR, Sardana VR, Purohit D 695
61. S calp and Skull Infections.............................................................................................708
Ravi Ramamurthi, Goutham Cugati 708
62. S ubdural Empyema.........................................................................................................713
Mathuriya SN, Pathak A, Khandelwal N 713
63. S pinal Epidural and Intramedullary Abscess............................................................718
Ashish Suri, Shashwat Mishra, Ajay Garg 718
64. T uberculosis of the Central Nervous System.............................................................725
PN Tandon, Anil Pande 725
xxi
Contents
65. T uberculous Meningitis.................................................................................................742
PN Tandon, Anil Pande 742
66. T uberculosis of the Spine...............................................................................................753
Sridhar K 753
67. S urgery for Leprosy.........................................................................................................772
Sridhar K 772
68. Cysticercosis.....................................................................................................................778
BS Sharma, Sarat Chandra P 778
69. Hydatid Disease...............................................................................................................794
Dharkar SR, Vikram M 794
70. O ther Parasitic Infestations of the Brain.....................................................................800
Sridhar K, Vikram M 800
71. S pinal Hydatidosis..........................................................................................................810
Harjinder S Bhatoe 810
72. Fungal Infections.............................................................................................................815
Anil Pande 815
73. Viral Infections.................................................................................................................830
Ravi Ramamurthi, Ramamurthi B, Ravindranath Kapu 830
74. AIDS and the Neurosurgeon.........................................................................................838
Sarat Chandra P, Vivek Tandon 838
Section: 8
Vascular Disorders
SN Mathuriya
75. S ubarachnoid Haemorrhage..........................................................................................849
Chandramouli BA, Arivazhagan A 849
76. General Principles of Management of Intracranial Aneurysms.............................858
Mathuriya SN 858
xxii
Textbook of Neurosurgery
77. Vasospasm and Its Management...................................................................................886
Anil Pande, Ravi Ramamurthi 886
78. C erebral Protection..........................................................................................................919
Ravikant Palur, Ganesh K Murthy 919
79. Paraclinoid Aneurysms...................................................................................................931
Vijendra Kumar Jain, Sanjay Behari, Bernard Lyngdoh 931
80. I nternal Carotid Bifurcation Aneurysms....................................................................946
Mathuriya SN 946
81. A nterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms.............................................................958
RP Sengupta, Anil Pande 958
82. D istal Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm................................................................977
Ravi Ramamurthi, Shivaram Bojja 977
83. Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms............................................................................979
Mathuriya SN, Pathak A, Gupta Vivek, Grover VK 979
84. Posterior Circulation Aneurysms.................................................................................996
Ashish Suri, Sachin A Borkar, Nalin K Mishra 996
85. Giant Aneurysms...........................................................................................................1008
Sanjay Behari, Rabi Narayan Sahu, Rupant K Das, Vijendra Kumar Jain 1008
86. I ncidental Intracranial Aneurysms.............................................................................1016
Suresh Nair, A Mathew, G Menon 1016
87. Multiple Intracranial Aneurysms...............................................................................1024
Mahmoud Rashidi, Anthony Sin, Anil Nanada 1024
88. I nfectious Intracranial Aneurysms.............................................................................1030
Sanjay Behari, Vivek Vaid, Awadhesh K Jaiswal, Vijendra Kumar Jain 1030
89. I ntracavernous Aneurysms..........................................................................................1036
BS Sharma, VS Mehta 1036
90. C ontemporary Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms...................1045
Uday Limaye, Anand S 1045
xxiii
Contents
91. Vascular Malformations of the Brain.........................................................................1052
Ravi Ramamurthi, Amit Kapoor 1052
92. S urgical Management of Cerebral AVMS.................................................................1065
Ravi Ramamurthi, Ravindranath Kapu 1065
93. Embolisation of Intracranial Vascular Malformation.............................................1075
Anil Karapurkar, Nishant Aditya 1075
94. S tereotactic Radiosurgery for Cerebral AVMS........................................................1090
Ganapathy K 1090
95. Vein of Galen Malformations......................................................................................1105
Anil Nanada 1105
96. C avernomas of the Brain..............................................................................................1109
CE Deopujari 1109
97. O ther Vascular Malformations of the Brain.............................................................1116
Ravi Ramamurthi, Harinivas 1116
98. C arotid Cavernous Fistula............................................................................................1119
Ravi Ramamurthi, Goutham Cugati 1119
99. D ural Arteriovenous Malformations.........................................................................1125
Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 1125
100. Embolisation of Spinal Vascular Malformation......................................................1129
Anil Karapurkar, Nishant Aditya 1129
101. S pontaneous Intracerebral Haemorrhage.................................................................1139
Ajaya Nand Jha, Vipul Gupta 1139
102. S urgery for Stroke..........................................................................................................1147
Vincent Thamburaj A 1147
xxiv
Textbook of Neurosurgery
Section: 9
Tumours of the Spine and Spinal Cord
Ravi Ramamurthi
103. C linical Features and Diagnosis.................................................................................1181
Ravi Ramamurthi, Santhosh Mohan Rao K 1181
104. Vertebral Tumours.........................................................................................................1191
Deepu Banerji, Pallav Garg, Manoj Jain, Sanjay Behari 1191
105. S pinal Schwannomas and Meningiomas..................................................................1202
Trimurti D Nadkarni 1202
106. I ntramedullary Tumours..............................................................................................1210
Bhawani S Sharma, Manish S Sharma 1210
107. C ongenital Tumours of the Spine...............................................................................1219
CE Deopujari, AB Kakani 1219
108. Paediatric Spinal Tumours...........................................................................................1227
Venkatramana NK 1227
Section: 10
Disc Disease and other Spinal Pathologies
Ravi Ramamurthi
109. Pathophysiology of Disc Degeneration.....................................................................1239
Ramakrishna Easwaran 1239
110. C ervical Disc Disease and Spondylosis Clinical Features and Diagnosis......1248
CE Deopujari, Rajiv Kumar 1248
111. C ervical Disc Disease and Spondylosis Management...........................................1252
CE Deopujari, Rajiv Kumar, Rajan Shah 1252
112. Cervical Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament....................................1262
Anil Pande, M Vikram, Ravi Ramamurthi 1262
xxv
Contents
113. T horacic Disc Prolapse..................................................................................................1275
Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 1275
114. L umbar Disc Disease.....................................................................................................1280
Manas Kumar Panigrahi, Rajesh Reddy S 1280
115. L umbar Canal Stenosis.................................................................................................1290
Manas Kumar Panigrahi, Debabrat Biswal 1290
116. S pondylolisthesis...........................................................................................................1297
Ramakrishna Easwaran 1297
117. S keletal Fluorosis...........................................................................................................1312
Raja Reddy D, Srikanth R Deme 1312
118. O steoporosis...................................................................................................................1333
Ramakrishna Easwaran, S Sundarrajan 1333
Section: 11
Pathology of Intracranial Tumours
Sankar
119. Classification of Tumours of the Nervous System..................................................1347
Vani Santhosh 1347
120. Pathogenesis of Tumours of the Nervous System...................................................1366
Radhakrishnan VV 1366
121. Germ Cell Tumours of the Central Nervous System..............................................1377
Vani Santhosh 1377
122. Embryonal Tumours of the Central Nervous System.............................................1380
Chitra Sarkar, Sharma MC 1380
123. T umours of Meninges...................................................................................................1391
Sundaram C, Shantveer G Uppin 1391
124. Pituitary Tumours, Sellar and Suprasellar Lesions.................................................1404
Geeta Chacko 1404
xxvi
Textbook of Neurosurgery
125. L ymphomas and Metastatic Tumours of Nervous System....................................1418
Sundaram C, T Roshni Paul 1418
126. C erebral Oedema in Relation to Neoplasias of Nervous System.........................1428
Shankar SK 1428
127. T umour Markers in Tumours of Nervous System...................................................1439
Chitra Sarkar, Vaishali Suri, MC Sharma 1439
128. T umours of Cranial and Peripheral Nerves..............................................................1446
Sundaram C, Anita Mahadevan 1446
129. Tumours of the Choroid Plexus..................................................................................1453
Yasha TC 1453
130. Pineal Parenchymal Tumours......................................................................................1458
Vani Santhosh 1458
131. Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal Glial Tumours.......................................................1461
Sharma MC, Chitra Sarkar 1461
Section: 12A
Cranial and Intracranial Tumours
Ravi Ramamurthi
132. C linical Features of Intracranial Tumours................................................................1477
Ravi Ramamurthi, Santosh Mohan Rao K 1477
133. S upratentorial Astrocytomas.......................................................................................1495
Ramakrishna Easwaran 1495
134. C erebellar Astrocytomas..............................................................................................1528
Ramakrishna Easwaran 1528
135. Brainstem Gliomas........................................................................................................1536
Sarat Chandra P, VS Mehta 1536
136. Hypothalamic-Optic Nerve Gliomas.........................................................................1546
Ramakrishna Easwaran 1546
xxvii
Contents
137. O ligodendrogliomas.....................................................................................................1554
Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 1554
138. Ependymomas................................................................................................................1562
Harjinder S Bhatoe 1562
139. Medulloblastomas.........................................................................................................1570
BS Sharma 1570
140. Metastatic Brain Tumours............................................................................................1577
Ravi Ramamurthi, Harinivas 1577
141. R adiation Therapy for Malignant Brain Tumours..................................................1587
Julka PK, Haresh KP, Rath GK 1587
142. A djuvant Therapies for Malignant Brain Tumours................................................1596
Raj Kumar R, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 1596
143. C olloid Cyst....................................................................................................................1601
Nigel Peter Symss, Ravi Ramamurthi 1601
144. Choroid Plexus Tumours..............................................................................................1608
Vasudevan MC 1608
145. Pineal Region Tumours: Clinical Features and Management...............................1612
Ramakrishna Easwaran 1612
146. Pituitary Tumours Overview.......................................................................................1634
Ravi Ramamurthi 1634
147. Prolactinomas.................................................................................................................1641
Ravi Ramamurthi, Prasad AN 1641
148. Growth Hormone Secreting Adenomas....................................................................1646
Ravi Ramamurthi, Goutham Cugati 1646
159. C ushing's Disease and Syndrome..............................................................................1653
Deepu Banerji, Sanjay Behari 1653
150. O ther Secreting Adenomas of the Pituitary..............................................................1663
Deepu Banerji, Archana Juneja 1663
xxviii
Textbook of Neurosurgery
151. N on-Functioning Pituitary Adenomas......................................................................1667
Manas Kumar Panigrahi, Naveen Mehrotra, Amit Kumar T 1667
152. Pituitary Apoplexy.........................................................................................................1675
Ravi Ramamurthi, Vikram M, Goutham Cugati 1675
153. Giant Invasive Pituitary Adenomas...........................................................................1680
Ravi Ramamurthi, Goutham Cugati 1680
154. Perioperative Endocrine Management......................................................................1685
Murthy S 1685
155. Empty Sella Syndrome.................................................................................................1692
Ravi Ramamurthi, Murali Mohan S 1692
156. D iencephalic Syndrome...............................................................................................1698
Anil Pande, Murali Mohan S 1698
157. O ther Tumours of the Sellar Region..........................................................................1702
Sanjay Behari, Anooj Chatley, Abrar Ahad Wani, Manoj Jain 1702
158. C raniopharyngioma.......................................................................................................1716
SN Bhagwathi, Suresh Sankhla 1716
Section: 12B
Cranial and Intracranial Tumours
CE Deopujari
159. D ermoids and Epidermoids.........................................................................................1747
Ravi Ramamurthi, Amit Kapoor 1747
160. T eratomas........................................................................................................................1757
Ravi Ramamurthi, Amit Kapoor 1757
161. A coustic Schwannomas................................................................................................1761
Ravi Ramamurthi, Murali Mohan S 1761
162. T rigeminal Schwannomas............................................................................................1792
BS Sharma, Ramdurg S, Sarat Chandra P 1792
xxix
Contents
163. Jugular Foramen Lesions..............................................................................................1797
Siddhartha Ghosh 1797
164. O ther Intracranial Schwannomas...............................................................................1811
Ashish Suri, Shashwat Mishra, Ajay Garg 1811
165. Phakomatoses.................................................................................................................1819
Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 1819
166. Convexity Meningiomas..............................................................................................1826
Vasudevan MC 1826
167. Parasagittal and Falx Meningiomas...........................................................................1833
Vasudevan MC 1833
168. O lfactory Groove Meningioma...................................................................................1838
Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 1838
169. S phenoidal Wing Meningiomas.................................................................................1847
Trimurti D Nadkarni 1847
170. T entorial Meningiomas.................................................................................................1854
Vijendra Kumar Jain, Sanjay Behari, Pramod Giri 1854
171. Posterior Fossa Meningiomas......................................................................................1864
Amitabha Chanda, Abhijit Guha 1864
172. Petroclival Meningiomas..............................................................................................1885
Trimurti D Nadkarni 1885
173. Foramen Magnum Meningiomas...............................................................................1891
Shrivastava RK, Chandranath Sen 1891
174. I ntraventricular Meningiomas....................................................................................1899
Harjinder S Bhatoe, Prakash Singh, Vibha Dutta 1899
175. Haemangioblastomas....................................................................................................1903
Ravi Ramamurthi 1903
176. Primary Central Nervous System Lymphomas........................................................1910
Sanjay Behari, Punita Lal, Samir Kalra, Manoj Jain 1910
177. I ntracranial Melanomas and Other Tumours...........................................................1920
Bhawani S Sharma, Sumit Sinha 1920
xxx
Textbook of Neurosurgery
178. Benign Intracranial Tension........................................................................................1926
Nigel Peter Symss, Ravi Ramamurthi 1926
179. T umours of the Cranial Vault......................................................................................1933
Narayanan R, Ravi Ramamurthi 1933
Section: 13
Skull Base Surgery
Deepu Banerji
180. C lival Chordomas..........................................................................................................1957
Chandranath Sen 1957
181. Trans-facial Transmaxillary Approaches to Anterior Skull Base.........................1967
Sojan Ipe, Bobby Jose 1967
182. A pproaches to the Lateral Skull Base........................................................................1977
Atul Goel, Muzumdar D 1977
183. T ranspharyngeal Approach to the Cranio Vertebral Junction..............................2003
AH Menezes 2003
184. Reconstruction of the Skull Convexity and Base....................................................2011
Atul Goel, Muzumdar D 2011
185. O rbital Tumours.......................................................................