Part I Igor Klatzo Lecture
Bulk Flow and Diffusion Revisited, and Clinical Applications...................... 3
Hans-J. Reulen
Part II Ischemia and the Blood-Brain Barrier Disorders
Experimental Cerebral Ischemia: The Contribution
of the Bethesda Group....................................................................................... 17
Toshihiko Kuroiwa
Past and Recent BBB Studies with Particular Emphasis
on Changes in Ischemic Brain Edema............................................................. 21
Maria Spatz
Increase in Activity of Neutrophils and Proinflammatory
Mediators in Rats Following Acute and Prolonged
Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion...................................................... 29
Stanis.aw Hendryk, Zenon Czuba, Halina J.drzejewska-Szypu.ka,
Piotr Ba.owski, Hanna Dole.ych, and Wojciech Krol
Factors in Creepy Delayed Neuronal Death
in Hippocampus Following Brain Ischemia.Reperfusion
Injury with Long-Term Survival...................................................................... 37
Ryszard Pluta, S.awomir Januszewski, Miros.aw Jab.on L ski,
and Marzena U.amek
Endogenous Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating
Polypeptide Is Involved in Suppression of Edema
in the Ischemic Brain......................................................................................... 43
Tomoya Nakamachi, Hirokazu Ohtaki, Sachiko Yofu,
Kenji Dohi, Jun Watanabe, Hiroyoshi Mori, Atsushi Sato,
Hitoshi Hashimoto, Norihito Shintani, Akemichi Baba,
and Seiji Shioda
Reduced Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Activity
and Cell Death After Global Ischemia in the Brain
Preconditioned with Hyperbaric Oxygen........................................................ 47
Robert P. Ostrowski, Vikram Jadhav, Wanqiu Chen,
and John H. Zhang
vii
Radiation Exposure Prior to Ischemia Decreases
Lesion Volume, Brain Edema and Cell Death................................................. 51
E. Titova, A. Adami, R. Ostrowski, S. Lalas, R. Vlkolinsky,
J.H. Zhang, G. Nelson, and A. Obenaus
Effects of VEGF Administration or Neutralization
on the BBB of Developing Rat Brain................................................................ 55
N. Ortuzar, E.G. Argandona, H. Bengoetxea, O. Leis,
S. Bulnes, and J.V. Lafuente
Alterations in Blood.Brain Barrier Function
and Brain Pathology by Morphine in the Rat.
Neuroprotective Effects of Antioxidant H-290/51........................................... 61
Hari Shanker Sharma, Per-Ove Sjoquist, and Syed F. Ali
Part III Hydrocephalus
Clinical Proof of the Importance of Compliance
for Hydrocephalus Pathophysiology................................................................ 69
Michael Kiefer and Regina Eymann
An Algorithm to Assess the Rehabilitation Potential
in Patients with Chronic Hydrocephalus......................................................... 75
Michael Kiefer and Regina Eymann
What Can Be Found Inside Shunt Catheters.................................................. 81
Z. Czernicki, R. Strza.kowski, N. Walasek, and B. Gajkowska
Glue Instead of Stitches: A Minor Change
of the Operative Technique with a Serious Impact
on the Shunt Infection Rate.............................................................................. 87
Regina Eymann and Michael Kiefer
Animal Experiments to Evaluate Complications
of Foreign Materials on Silicone with Shunt Catheters:
Preliminary Results........................................................................................... 91
Regina Eymann, Ullrich Meier, and Michael Kiefer
Huge Thrombosis as a Consequence of VA-Shunts ....................................... 95
Michael Kiefer and Regina Eymann
Does Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Always Mean a Poor Prognosis?....................................................................... 101
Michael Kiefer, Ulrich Meier, and Regina Eymann
Gravitational Shunt Complications After a Five-Year
Follow-Up............................................................................................................ 107
Michael Kiefer and Regina Eymann
Is It Possible to Minimize Overdrainage Complications
with Gravitational Units in Patients with Idiopathic
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus? Protocol of the Randomized
Controlled SVASONA Trial (ISRCTN51046698)........................................... 113
J. Lemcke, U. Meier, C. Muller, M. Fritsch, R. Eymann,
M. Kiefer, U. Kehler, N. Langer, V. Rohde, H-Ch. Ludwig,
F. Weber, V. Remenez, M. Schuhmann, and D. Stengel
viii Contents
Early Shunting Using the Parallel Shunt System
in Hemorrhagic Hydrocephalus: In Vitro Testing of Handling,
Technical Complications and Clogging Rate................................................... 117
F. Al-Zain, U. Meier, and J. Lemcke
Intracranial Irregularities Beside Hydrocephalus in H-Tx Rats................... 121
Michael Kiefer, Guenther Schneider, and Regina Eymann
Co-morbidity as a Predictor of Outcome in Patients
with Idiopathic Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus.......................................... 127
Ullrich Meier and Johannes Lemcke
Part IV Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Effects of Magnesium Sulfate Infusion on Cerebral Perfusion
in Patients After Aneurysmal SAH.................................................................. 133
George Kwok-Chu Wong, Rachael Kwok, Karen Tang,
David Yeung, Anil Ahuja, Ann Dorothy King, and Wai-Sang Poon
Timing of Serum Active MMP-9 and MMP-2 Levels
in Acute and Subacute Phases After Spontaneous
Intracerebral Hemorrhage................................................................................ 137
Massimiliano Castellazzi, Carmine Tamborino, Giuseppe De Santis,
Francesco Garofano, Angelica Lupato, Vania Ramponi, Alessandro Trentini,
Ilaria Casetta, Tiziana Bellini, and Enrico Fainardi
Timing of Serum Soluble HLA-G Levels in Acute
and Subacute Phases After Spontaneous Intracerebral
Hemorrhage........................................................................................................ 141
Enrico Fainardi, Roberta Rizzo, Angelica Lupato,
Vania Ramponi, Giuseppe De Santis, Francesco Garofano,
Marina Stignani, Carmine Tamborino, Massimiliano Castellazzi,
Ilaria Casetta, and Olavio Roberto Baricordi
Minocycline Attenuates Brain Edema, Brain Atrophy
and Neurological Deficits After Intracerebral Hemorrhage.......................... 147
J. Wu, S. Yang, Y. Hua, W. Liu, R. F. Keep, and G. Xi
Myocardial Dysfunction in Subarachnoid
Hemorrhage: Prognostication by Echo
Cardiography and Cardiac Enzymes. A Prospective Study.......................... 151
Prasad Vannemreddy, Prasanna Venkatesh, Kumar Dinesh,
Pratap Reddy, and Anil Nanda
The Effects of Tetrahydrobiopterin on Intracerebral
Hemorrhage-Induced Brain Injury in Mice.................................................... 155
Reiko Tsuchiyama, Takumi Sozen, Elena Titova,
John H. Zhang, and Jiping Tang
Estrogen Reduces Iron-Mediated Brain Edema
and Neuronal Death........................................................................................... 159
Y. Gu, G. Xi, W. Liu, R. F. Keep, and Y. Hua
Contents ix
x Contents
Part V Imaging and Diagnosis
Improving Diagnostic Value of CT Examinations
in Hyperacute Ischemic Stroke......................................................................... 165
A. Przelaskowski, J. Walecki, K. Sklinda, and G. Ostrek
Pattern Recognition Methods in 1H MRS Monitoring
In Vivo of Normal Appearing Cerebellar Tissue After
Treatment of Posterior Fossa Tumors.............................................................. 171
.ukasz Boguszewicz, S.awomir Blamek, and Maria Soko.
Metabolic Changes in Rat Brain Following
Intracerebroventricular Injections of Streptozotocin:
A Model of Sporadic Alzheimer fs Disease....................................................... 177
M. Labak, T. Foniok, D. Kirk, D. Rushforth, B. Tomanek, A. Jasi.ski, and P. Grieb
MR Spectroscopic Evaluation of Brain Tissue Damage
After Treatment for Pediatric Brain Tumors.................................................. 183
S.awomir Blamek, Dawid Larysz, Kornelia Ficek,
Maria Soko., Leszek Miszczyk, and Rafa. Tarnawski
The Incidence of Imaging Abnormalities after
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Cerebral Arteriovenous
and Cavernous Malformations......................................................................... 187
S.awomir Blamek, Marek Boba,
Dawid Larysz, Adam Rudnik, Kornelia Ficek, Bartosz Eksner,
Leszek Miszczyk, and Rafa. Tarnawski
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Evaluation of Brain
Tissue Metabolism After Irradiation for Pediatric Brain
Tumors in Long-Term Survivors: A Report of Two Cases............................ 191
S.awomir Blamek, Jerzy Wydma.ski, Maria Soko., .ukasz
Matulewicz, and .ukasz Boguszewicz
Evaluation of the Late Effects of CNS Prophylactic Treatment
in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy........................................................ 195
Kornelia Ficek, S.awomir Blamek, Dorota Sygu.a,
Leszek Miszczyk, Danuta So.ta-Jakimczyk, and Rafa. Tarnawski
A Non-invasive Assessment of Intracranial
Volume Reserve by Measuring Cerebrospinal Fluid
Volume with the Aid of CT Imaging................................................................ 199
Mariusz Glowacki, Karol Budohoski, Piotr Marszalek,
Jerzy Walecki, and Zbigniew Czernicki
Is Neuroradiological Imaging Sufficient for Exclusion
of Intracranial Hypertension in Children? Intracranial
Hypertension Syndrome Without Evident
Radiological Symptoms..................................................................................... 203
Dawid Larysz, Patrycja Larysz, Andrzej Klimczak,
and Marek Mandera
Part VI Trauma and Brain Tissue Injury
Substance P Immunoreactivity Increases Following
Human Traumatic Brain Injury....................................................................... 211
Andrew C. Zacest, Robert Vink, Jim Manavis,
Ghafar T. Sarvestani, and Peter C. Blumbergs
Contents xi
Hyperbaric Oxygen Preconditioning Reduces Postoperative
Brain Edema and Improves Neurological Outcomes
After Surgical Brain Injury.............................................................................. 217
Vikram Jadhav, Robert P. Ostrowski, Wenni Tong, Brenden Matus,
Connie Chang, and John H. Zhang
Following Brain Trauma, Copeptin, a Stable
Peptide Derived from the AVP Precusor, Does Not
Reflect Osmoregulation but Correlates
with Injury Severity........................................................................................... 221
A. Kleindienst, G. Brabant, N.G. Morgenthaler, K.C. Dixit, H. Parsch,
and M. Buchfelder
The Effects of Selective Brain Hypothermia
and Decompressive Craniectomy on Brain Edema
After Closed Head Injury in Mice.................................................................... 225
Jacek Szczygielski, Angelika E. Mautes, Karsten
Schwerdtfeger, and Wolf-Ingo Steudel
Outcome of Patients with Severe Head Injury
After Decompressive Craniectomy................................................................... 231
J. Lemcke, S. Ahmadi, and U. Meier
Assessing the Neurological Outcome of Traumatic
Acute Subdural Hematoma Patients with and without
Primary Decompressive Craniectomies........................................................... 235
George Kwok-Chu Wong, Yuk-Wah Hung, Charing Chong,
Janice Yeung, Stephanie Chi-Ping Ng, Tim Rainer,
and Wai-Sang Poon
Changes in the Blood.CSF Barrier in Experimental
Traumatic Brain Injury..................................................................................... 239
Mounir N. Ghabriel, Irena M. Zdziarski, Chris Leigh,
and Robert Vink
Dynamics of S100B Release into Serum
and Cerebrospinal Fluid Following Acute Brain Injury................................ 247
A. Kleindienst, S. Meissner, I.Y. Eyupoglu, H. Parsch,
C. Schmidt, and M. Buchfelder
Ultrastructural and Immunochemical Studies
of Glial Scar Formation in Diabetic Rats........................................................ 251
Malgorzata Frontczak-Baniewicz, Lidia Struz.ynska,
Jaroslaw Andrychowski, Jolanta Opertowska, Dorota Sulejczak,
and Michal Walski
Significance of Monitoring the Initial Intracranial
Pressure on Hematoma Irrigation with Trephination
Therapy for Acute Subdural Hematomas
in Critical Conditions........................................................................................ 257
Naoki Otani, Yoshio Takasato, Hiroyuki Masaoka,
Takanori Hayakawa, Yoshikazu Yoshino, Hiroshi Yatsushige,
Hiroki Miyawaki, Kyoko Sumiyoshi, Takashi Sugawara,
Aoyagi Chikashi, Satoru Takeuchi, and Go Suzuki
Surgical Outcome Following a Decompressive Craniectomy
for Acute Epidural Hematoma Patients Presenting
with Associated Massive Brain Swelling.......................................................... 261
Naoki Otani, Yoshio Takasato, Hiroyuki Masaoka,
Takanori Hayakawa, Yoshikazu Yoshino, Hiroshi Yatsushige,
Hiroki Miyawaki, Kyoko Sumiyoshi, Takashi Sugawara,
Aoyagi Chikashi, Satoru Takeuchi, and Go Suzuki
Prognosis for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Patients Treated with Bilateral Decompressive Craniectomy........................ 265
Hiroshi Yatsushige, Yoshio Takasato, Hiroyuki Masaoka,
Takanori Hayakawa, Naoki Otani, Yoshikazu Yoshino,
Kyoko Sumiyoshi, Takashi Sugawara, Hiroki Miyawaki,
Chikashi Aoyagi, Satoru Takeuchi, and Go Suzuki
Posterior Fossa Brain Tissue Injury: Developmental,
Neuropsychological, and Neurological Consequences
of Brain Tumors in Children............................................................................. 271
Dawid Larysz, Slawomir Blamek, Patrycja Larysz,
Katarzyna Pietras, and Marek Mandera
Part VII Tumor
The Role of eNOS in Vascular Permeability
in ENU-Induced Gliomas.................................................................................. 277
S. Bulnes, E.G. Argandona, H. Bengoetxea,
O. Leis, N. Ortuzar, and J.V. Lafuente
Potential Role of CT Perfusion Parameters
in the Identification of Solitary Intra-axial
Brain Tumor Grading........................................................................................ 283
Enrico Fainardi, Francesco Di Biase, Massimo Borrelli,
Andrea Saletti, Michele Cavallo, Silvio Sarubbo, Stefano
Ceruti, Riccardo Tamarozzi, and Arturo Chieregato
Part VIII Treatment
Neuromodulation with Pleiotropic and Multimodal Drugs . Future
Approaches to Treatment of Neurological Disorders..................................... 291
Dafin F. Muresanu
Selected Combination of Neurotrophins Potentiate
Neuroprotection and Functional Recovery Following
Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat........................................................................... 295
Hari Shanker Sharma
Antibodies to Dynorphin A (1.17) Attenuate Closed
Head Injury Induced Blood.Brain Barrier Disruption,
Brain Edema Formation and Brain Pathology in the Rat............................. 301
H.S. Sharma, R. Patnaik, S. Patnaik, A. Sharma, S. Mohanty,
and P. Vannemreddy
Serine Protease Inhibitor Attenuates Intracerebral
Hemorrhage-Induced Brain Injury and Edema
Formation in Rat................................................................................................ 307
Takehiro Nakamura, Yasuhiro Kuroda, Naohisa Hosomi,
Naohiko Okabe, Nobuyuki Kawai, Takashi Tamiya,
Guohua Xi, Richard F. Keep, and Toshifumi Itano
xii Contents
Contents xiii
State-of-the-Art management and Monitoring of Brain
Edema and Intracranial Hypertension in Fulminant
Hepatic Failure. A Proposed Algorithm.......................................................... 311
Jaime Gasco, Leonardo Rangel-Castilla, Brodus Franklin,
Philip G. Thomas, and Joel Patterson
Novel Free Radical Monitoring in Patients
with a Neurological Emergency Diseases......................................................... 315
Kenji Dohi, Kazue Satoh, Tomoya Nakamachi,
Hirokazu Ohtaki, Sachiko Yofu, Shunsuke Nakamura,
Seiji Shioda, and Tohru Aruga
Cerebrolysin Attenuates Blood.Brain Barrier
and Brain Pathology Following Whole Body
Hyperthermia in the Rat................................................................................... 321
Hari Shanker Sharma, Sibilla Zimmermann-Meinzingen,
Aruna Sharma, and Conrad E. Johanson
Chronic Hypertension Aggravates Heat Stress-Induced
Brain Damage: Possible Neuroprotection by Cerebrolysin........................... 327
Dafin Fior Muresanu, Sibilla Zimmermann-Meinzingen,
and Hari Shanker Sharma
Part IX Nanoparticles and Brain Edema
Carbon Nanotubes in Neuroscience................................................................. 337
Erik B. Malarkey and Vladimir Parpura
Nanowired-Drug Delivery Enhances Neuroprotective
Efficacy of Compounds and Reduces Spinal Cord Edema
Formation and Improves Functional Outcome Following
Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat........................................................................... 343
Hari Shanker Sharma, Syed F. Ali, Z. Ryan Tian,
R. Patnaik, S. Patnaik, Aruna Sharma, Arne Boman, Per Lek,
Elisabeth Seifert, and Torbjorn Lundstedt
A New Antioxidant Compound H-290/51 Attenuates
Nanoparticle Induced Neurotoxicity and Enhances
Neurorepair in Hyperthermia........................................................................... 351
Hari Shanker Sharma, Aruna Sharma, Saber Hussain,
John Schlager, Per-Ove Sjoquist, and Daffin Muresanu
Influence of Nanoparticles on Blood.Brain Barrier
Permeability and Brain Edema Formation in Rats........................................ 359
Hari Shanker Sharma, Saber Hussain, John Schlager,
Syed F. Ali, and Aruna Sharma
Author Index...................................................................................................... 365
Subject Index...................................................................................................... 397