1 Neuroradiology: History and New Research Technologies ................... 1
in collaboration with L. Fadeeva, S. Takush, and P. Rodionov
1.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 1
1.2 History of Russian Neuroradiology .................................................. 2
1.3 New Functional Methods in Neuroradiology ........................................ 3
1.4 Perfusion-Weighted Imaging ....................................................... 11
1.5 Functional MRI ....................................................................... 15
1.6 Proton MR Spectroscopy ............................................................. 17
1.7 Phosphorus MR Spectroscopy ........................................................ 22
1.8 Neuroradiology and Information Technologies ...................................... 23
1.9 Navigation in Neurosurgery ......................................................... 25
2 Congenital Malformations of the Brain and Skull ............................. 29
in collaboration with V. Ozerova
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 29
2.2 Organogenesis Impairment .......................................................... 29
2.3 Impairment of Brain Diverticulation ................................................. 41
2.4 Impairment of Gyri and Sulci Formation ............................................. 46
2.5 Changes in Brain Size ................................................................ 53
2.6 Destructive Brain Lesions ............................................................ 53
2.7 Histogenesis Impairment ............................................................ 60
2.8 Arachnoid Cysts ..................................................................... 69
2.9 Congenital Anterior Cranial Malformations ......................................... 80
3 Cerebrovascular Diseases and Malformations of the Brain .................. 87
3.1 Stenosis and Thrombosis of the Cerebral Vessels .................................... 87
3.2 Cerebral Ischaemia ................................................................... 101
3.3 Lacunar Infarction ................................................................... 139
Contents
3.4 Chronic Ischaemic Brain Disease ..................................................... 154
3.5 Stroke in Children .................................................................... 158
3.6 Non-Atherosclerotic Stenosis and Occlusion of Cerebral Arteries ................... 160
3.7 Thrombosis of the Venous Sinuses .................................................. 172
3.8 Haemorrhagic Infarction ............................................................ 175
3.9 Intracerebral Haemorrhages ........................................................ 176
3.10 Extracerebral Non-traumatic Haemorrhages ........................................ 188
3.11 Intratumoral Haemorrhages ......................................................... 193
3.12 Hypertense Haemorrhages .......................................................... 196
3.13 Hypertense Encephalopathy ......................................................... 197
3.14 Rare Causes of Intracerebral Haemorrhage ......................................... 197
3.15 Intracranial Arterial Aneurysms ..................................................... 199
3.16 Intracranial Vascular Malformations ................................................. 247
3.17 Carotid Cavernous Fistulas .......................................................... 302
3.18 Cavernous Angioma .................................................................. 309
3.19 Capillary Telangiectasias ............................................................. 316
3.20 Venous Malformations ............................................................... 320
4 Supratentorial Tumours .......................................................... 333
4.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 333
4.2 Supratentorial Tumours .............................................................. 333
4.3 Neuroepithelial Tumours ............................................................. 335
4.4 Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal Glial Tumours ....................................... 418
4.5 Embryonic Neuroepithelial Tumours ................................................. 425
4.6 Primary Lymphoma of the CNS ...................................................... 432
4.7 Metastatic Tumours .................................................................. 440
4.8 Supratentorial Cysts ................................................................. 464
4.9 Eosinophilic Granuloma .............................................................. 476
4.10 Myeloma (Kahler's Disease, Plasmacytoma) ......................................... 481
5 Pineal Region Tumours ........................................................... 489
5.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 489
5.2 Germ Cell Tumours ................................................................... 490
5.3 Pineal Parenchymal Tumours ........................................................ 503
5.4 Glial Tumours ........................................................................ 510
5.5 Other Histological Types of Tumours ................................................. 510
6 Sellar and Parasellar Tumours ................................................... 529
6.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 529
6.2 Anatomy ............................................................................. 529
X Contents
6.3 Pituitary Anomalies .................................................................. 531
6.4 Empty Sella Turcica ................................................................ 531
6.5 Pituitary Adenomas ................................................................. 535
6.6 Craniopharyngioma .................................................................. 556
6.7 Gliomas of the Optic Nerves, Chiasm, and Hypothalamus .......................... 573
6.8 Germinomas ......................................................................... 579
6.9 Teratoma, Epidermoid Tumours, and Dermoid Tumours ............................. 580
6.10 Chordoma ............................................................................ 585
6.11 Hamartomas of the Tuber Cinereum ................................................. 585
6.12 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis ........................................................ 591
6.13 Ratke's Cleft Cysts .................................................................... 592
6.14 Meningioma ......................................................................... 594
6.15 Neurinoma of the Fifth Cranial Nerve ................................................ 594
6.16 Metastases ........................................................................... 598
6.17 Paragangliomas ...................................................................... 598
6.18 Arachnoid Cyst ....................................................................... 598
6.19 Vascular Disorders: Aneurysm ....................................................... 605
6.20 Inflammatory Disorders .............................................................. 605
7 Infratentorial Tumours ........................................................... 617
7.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 617
7.2 Intra-Axial Tumours .................................................................. 617
7.3 Extra-Axial Tumours ................................................................. 651
7.4 Brainstem Lesions ................................................................... 680
7.5 Ì tastases ........................................................................... 705
8 Tumours of the Meninges ........................................................ 719
8.1 Meningioma ......................................................................... 719
8.2 Non-Meningothelial Tumours ....................................................... 785
9 Head Trauma ....................................................................... 807
in collaboration with A. Potapov, A. Kravchuk, and N. Zaharova
9.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 807
9.2 Primary Brain Injuries ............................................................... 808
9.3 Secondary Injuries ................................................................... 869
10 Hydrocephalus ..................................................................... 919
in collaboration with V. Ozerova and N. Aroutiunov
10.1 Physiology of the Cerebrospinal Fluid System ....................................... 919
Contents XI
10.2 Techniques for Neuroimaging of CSF Spaces and Quantitative Measurement
of CSF Circulation ................................................................... 921
10.3 Quantitative Techniques for Measurement of CSF Flow Velocity by PC MRI ........ 921
10.4 Clinical Studies ...................................................................... 924
10.5 Complications ....................................................................... 933
11 Intracranial Infections ........................................................... 945
11.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 945
11.2 Bacterial Infection .................................................................. 946
11.3 Granulomatous Infections .......................................................... 964
11.4 Fungal Infection (Mycosis) of the CNS .............................................. 969
11.5 Viral Infections ...................................................................... 975
11.6 Parasitogenic Disorders ............................................................. 988
12 Toxic and Metabolic Disorders .................................................. 1003
in collaboration with S. Serkov
12.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 1003
12.2 Primary Toxic and Metabolic Encephalopathies .................................... 1003
13 Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System .................... 1033
in collaboration with S. Serkov
13.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 1033
13.2 Primary Demyelinating Diseases ................................................... 1034
13.3 Disorders with Secondary Demyelination and/or Destruction of White Matter .... 1063
14 Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Central Nervous System .............. 1075
in collaboration with S. Serkov
14.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 1075
14.2 Synucleinopathies .................................................................. 1076
14.3 Taupathies .......................................................................... 1078
14.4 Cerebral Amyloidoses ............................................................... 1080
14.5 Spinocerebellar Degenerations ..................................................... 1084
14.6 Huntington's Disease ............................................................... 1084
14.7 Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias ..................................................... 1085
14.8 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ...................................................... 1086
15 Spine and Spinal Cord Disorders ................................................ 1093
15.1 Imaging Modality and Normal MRI Anatomy ....................................... 1093
15.2 Specific Features of the Spine and Spinal Cord in Children ......................... 1096
XII Contents
15.3 Congenital Spinal Pathology ........................................................ 1097
15.4 Spinal Cord Tumours ................................................................ 1122
15.5 Intramedullary Tumours ............................................................ 1124
15.6 Extramedullary Intradural Tumours ............................................... 1150
15.7 Extradural Tumours ................................................................. 1184
15.8 Traumatic Spine and Spinal Cord Injuries ........................................... 1261
15.9 Degenerative Spinal Diseases ....................................................... 1267
16 Subject Index ..................................................................... 1285