Cardiovascular Medicine, 3rd Edition offers the most up-to-date, user-friendly guidance on the evaluation, diagnosis and medical and surgical treatment of heart and vascular disease and will be relevant to the practice of every cardiologist, cardiac surgeon, vascular surgeon, diabetologist, cardiac radiologist and any physician who manages cardiac patients. The book and DVD package is designed to provide comprehensive coverage of every aspect of cardiovascular medicine from cardiac signs and symptoms and the full range of cardiac imaging techniques through management of peripheral vascular disease and the genetic basis for cardiovascular disease to preventive cardiology.

Drs James Willerson, Jay Cohn, Hein Wellens, David Holmes and over 150 world authorities offer their decades of scientific and clinical experience. One of the main features of the book is the consistent chapter organization relevant to modern cardiovascular practice, clear design and engaging text that includes specific features such as tables, lists and treatment boxes that are designed to allow easy access to key information. The reader will have all the guidance to diagnose and manage the full range of cardiovascular conditions in one textbook resource, while also benefiting from access to additional video material from the integral DVD-ROM.

More than 1800 illustrations including a wealth of color Doppler, nuclear and CT imaging, surgical and pathological images clarify complex principles and help in the understanding of the subtleties of technique and their application, so that they can be quickly and easily implemented into the reader's practice.

Cardiovascular Medicine, 3rd Edition is the premier resource of its kind, advancing readers' knowledge and stimulating further study in cardiovascular medicine. New to the third edition are:

- Expanded coverage of the coronary heart disease syndromes; congestive heart failure; arrhythmias; pacing; sudden death; lipid management (including clinical results), and a completely revised and updated section on noninvasive imaging.

- An updated review of the mechanisms, recognition, and treatment of aortic coronary syndromes plus updates on the results of the most recent clinical trials with antithrombotic interventions.

- New chapters to elucidate the uses of invasive and non-invasive cardiac imaging with greater emphasis on the role of cardiac imaging within cardiovascular medicine.

- The latest knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for congestive heart failure and its treatment including beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists, mechanical assist devices and transplantation.

- The most current information on current clinical drug trials for the treatment of stable and unstable angina, as well as the latest in arrhythmia development and modern therapy.

- The DVD-ROM contains video imagery for selected chapters, the full text of the book plus an interactive heart sounds presentation. This contains over 100 individual heart sounds with correlated videos and imaging and a full narrative.

Contents
v i i
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
ACC/AHA Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix
SECTION I Introduction: Cardiac Signs and
Symptoms, and Selected Noninvasive
Diagnostic Methods
1 Anatomy of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
L. Maximilian Buja
2 The History and Physical Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Thomas C. Smitherman and James T. Willerson
3 Electrocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Anton P.M. Gorgels
4 Chest X-Ray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Mary Ella Round
5 Introduction to Echocardiography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Raymond F. Stainback
6 Nuclear Cardiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Arthur Iain McGhie, K. Lance Gould, and
James T. Willerson
7 Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Warren J. Manning
8 Computed Tomographic Cardiovascular Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Matthew J. Budoff
SECTION II Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult
9 Normal and Abnormal Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Robert H. Anderson and Anton E. Becker
10 Pathophysiology, Clinical Recognition, and Treatment of
Congenital Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Steven R. Neish and Jeffrey A. Towbin
11 Echocardiography in the Adult with Congenital
Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Julie A. Kovach
12 Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult:
Interventional Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Charles E. Mullins
v i i i contents
13 Surgical Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Magdi Habib Yacoub, Anselm Uebing,
Rosemary Radley-Smith, and Michael A. Gatzoulis
SECTION III Valvular Heart Disease
14 Valvular Heart Disease: Anatomic Abnormalities . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Hugh A. McAllister, Jr., L. Maximilian Buja, and
Victor J. Ferrans
15 Aortic Valve Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Blase A. Carabello
16 Pulmonary and Tricuspid Valve Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Otto M. Hess, Urs Scherrer, Pascal Nicod, and
Blase A. Carabello
17 Mitral Valve Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Maurice L. Enriquez-Sarano and Robert L. Frye
18 Rheumatic Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Y.S. Chandrashekhar and Jagat Narula
19 Infective Endocarditis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Walter R. Wilson and Eddy Barasch (Second Edition),
revised for The Third Edition by Layne O. Gentry and
Temple W. Williams, Jr.
20 The Assessment and Therapy of Valvular Heart
Disease in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . 463
Paul Sorajja and Rick A. Nishimura
21 Echocardiographic Assessment of Valvular Heart Disease . . . . 487
Raymond F. Stainback
22 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Valvular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Scott D. Flamm and Raja Muthupillai
23 Balloon Dilatation of the Cardiac Valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Igor F. Palacios and Pedro L. Sánchez
24 Valvular Heart Disease: Surgical Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
William E. Cohn, O.H. Frazier, and Denton A. Cooley
SECTION IV Coronary Artery Disease
25 Coronary Artery Disease: Pathologic Anatomy
and Pathogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
L. Maximilian Buja and Hugh A. McAllister, Jr.
26 Infl ammation, C-Reactive Protein, and
Vulnerable Plaques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Paolo Calabró, James T. Willerson, and
Edward T.H. Yeh
Deceased.
contents i x
27A Atherosclerotic Vulnerable Plaques: Pathophysiology,
Detection, and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Mohammad Madjid, Samuel Ward Casscells, and
James T. Willerson
27B Biomarkers of Infl ammation as Surrogate Markers in
Detection of Vulnerable Plaques and Vulnerable Patients . . . . . 641
Mohammad Madjid, Samuel Ward Casscells, and
James T. Willerson
28 Global Differences in Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Philip A. Poole-Wilson
29 Coronary Artery Disease: Regulation of Coronary
Blood Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Robert J. Bache
30 Coronary Heart Disease Syndromes: Pathophysiology and
Clinical Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
James T. Willerson, Attilio Maseri, and Paul W. Armstrong
31 Silent Ischemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
Matthew B. O'Steen and Neal S. Kleiman
32 Coronary Disease in Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
Allen P. Burke, Frank D. Kolodgie, and Renu Virmani
33 Exercise Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Bernard R. Chaitman, Masarrath J. Moinuddin, and
Junko Sano
34 Coronary Angiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Robert F. Wilson and Carl W. White
35 Echocardiographic Evaluation of Coronary Artery Disease . . . . 811
Stephanie A. Coulter
36A Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Utilizing Single Photon
Emission Computed Tomography Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
George A. Beller
36B Cardiac Positron Emission Tomography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
K. Lance Gould
37A Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Myocardium . . . . . . . . . . . 871
Raymond J. Kim, Igor Klem, and Robert M. Judd
37B Magnetic Resonance Angiography and Evaluation of
Vulnerable Plaque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
Javier Sanz, Marc Sirol, Zahi A. Fayad, and
Valentin Fuster
38 Medical Treatment of Stable Angina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
James J. Ferguson III, Dipsu D. Patel, and
James T. Willerson
x contents
39 Medical Treatment of Unstable Angina, Acute
Non ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, and
Coronary Artery Spasm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937
James T. Willerson and Paul W. Armstrong
40 Treatment of Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . 963
Paul W. Armstrong and James T. Willerson
41 Kawasaki Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979
Hirohisa Kato
42 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Stable Angina . . . . . . 995
David R. Holmes, Jr.
43 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Unstable
Coronary Artery Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
Pim J. de Feyter and Peter P.T. de Jaegere
44 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute
Myocardial Infarction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021
David R. Holmes, Jr.
45 Drug-Eluting Coronary Stents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031
Carey D. Moyer, Peter B. Berger, and Christopher J. White
46 Surgical Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051
William E. Cohn, O.H. Frazier, and Denton A. Cooley
47 Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery and Percutaneous
Coronary Revascularization: Impact on Morbidity and
Mortality in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. . . . . . . . . 1073
James M. Wilson, James J. Ferguson III, and Robert J. Hall
48 Cardiac Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113
Michael X. Pham, Jonathan N. Myers, and Victor F. Froelicher
SECTION V Basic Aspects of Myocardial Function,
Growth, and Development
49 Cardiac Development: Toward a Molecular Basis for
Congenital Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135
Michael D. Schneider and Eric N. Olson
50 Fueling the Heart: Multiple Roles for Cardiac Metabolism. . . . 1157
Heinrich Taegtmeyer
51 Cardiac Hypertrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1177
Ali J. Marian and James T. Willerson
52 Regulation of Cardiac Contraction and Relaxation . . . . . . . . . . 1189
Arnold M. Katz
53 Pathophysiology and Clinical Impact of Diastolic
Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1201
Gilles W. de Keulenaer and Dirk L. Brutsaert
contents x i
SECTION VI Myocardial Disease
54 Myocardial Disease: Anatomic Abnormalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219
Hugh A. McAllister, Jr., L. Maximilian Buja, and
Victor J. Ferrans
55 Dilated Cardiomyopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1233
Biykem Bozkurt and Douglas L. Mann
56 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1261
Diane Fatkin, J.G. Seidman, and Christine E. Seidman
57 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285
James T. Willerson, L. Maximilian Buja, and
John Goodwin
58 Other Cardiomyopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1301
James T. Willerson and L. Maximilian Buja
59 Myocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313
Jay W. Mason, Sanjeev Trehan, and Dale G. Renlund
60 Evaluation of Myocardial Disease in the Cardiac
Catheterization Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1349
James J. Ferguson III and Tomas Klima
61 Echocardiography in the Evaluation of
the Cardiomyopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1359
Stephanie A. Coulter
62 Pathophysiology and Clinical Recognition of Heart Failure . . . 1379
Jay N. Cohn
63 The Medical Management of Heart Failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1397
Jay N. Cohn
64 Heart Transplantation: Indications, Outcome, and
Long-Term Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1417
Leslie W. Miller
65 Heart Transplantation: Pathogenesis, Immunosuppression,
Diagnosis, and Treatment of Rejection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1443
Leslie W. Miller
66 Surgical Treatment of Advanced Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1461
O.H. Frazier, Igor D. Gregoric, and William E. Cohn
SECTION VII Pericardial Disease
67 Pericardial Disease: Anatomic Abnormalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1479
Hugh A. McAllister, Jr., L. Maximilian Buja, and
Victor J. Ferrans
68 Pericardial Disease: Etiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical
Recognition, and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483
Ralph Shabetai
Deceased.
x i i contents
SECTION VIII Vascular Disease
69 Molecular and Cellular Physiology of Differentiated
Vascular Smooth Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1511
Michael Sturek, Eric A. Mokelke, Jürgen R. Sindermann,
Leonard P. Adam, and Keith L. March
70 Cardiovascular Regulation: Basic Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . 1525
Giuseppe Mancia, Thomas F. Lüscher, John T. Shepherd,
George Noll, and Guido M. Grassi
71 Vascular Remodeling in Health and Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1541
Luis G. Melo, Massimiliano Gnecchi, Christopher A. Ward,
and Victor J. Dzau
72 Vascular Endothelial Cell Function and Thrombosis . . . . . . . . . 1567
H. Roger Lijnen, Jef M. Arnout, and Désiré Collen
73 Atherosclerosis: Pathologic Anatomy and Pathogenesis . . . . . . . 1581
L. Maximilian Buja and Hugh A. McAllister, Jr.
74 Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis, Morphology, and
Risk Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1593
Antonio M. Gotto, Jr., and John A. Farmer
75 Detection of Early Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1615
Daniel A. Duprez and Jay N. Cohn
76 Diseases of the Aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1623
James T. Willerson, Joseph S. Coselli, Scott A. LeMaire,
Ross M. Reul, Igor D. Gregoric, George J. Reul, and
Denton A. Cooley
77 Aneurysms of the Peripheral Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1663
Paul W. Wennberg and Henna Kalsi
78 Peripheral Arterial Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1681
Alan T. Hirsch, Henna Kalsi, and Thom W. Rooke
79 Venous Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1705
Samuel Z. Goldhaber
80 Angiogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1717
Pinak B. Shah and Douglas W. Losordo
81 Carotid Artery Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1741
Christopher J. White
82 Endovascular Procedures for the Treatment of Peripheral
Vascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1755
Kathryn G. Dougherty and Zvonimir Krajcer
83 B-Mode Ultrasound: A Noninvasive Method for
Assessing Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1783
John R. Crouse, Curt D. Furberg, Mark A. Espeland, and
Ward A. Riley
contents x i i i
84 Intravascular Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1797
Seung-Ho Hur, Yasuhiro Honda, Peter J. Fitzgerald, and
Paul G. Yock
85 Arterial Compliance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1811
Gary E. McVeigh, Alan J. Bank, and Jay N. Cohn
86 Hypertension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1833
Bernard Waeber, Hans-Rudolph Brunner, Michel Burnier, and
Jay N. Cohn
87 Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1871
Henry S. Loeb and Jay N. Cohn
88 Autonomic Dysfunction and Hypotension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1883
Christopher J. Mathias
89 Cerebrovascular Disease/Transient Ischemic Attack . . . . . . . . . 1911
Hashem M. Shaltoni and Frank M. Yatsu
SECTION IX Electrical Disturbances of the Heart
90 Sinus Node Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1925
David G. Benditt, Scott Sakaguchi, Keith G. Lurie,
and Fei Lu
91 Supraventricular Tachycardias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1943
Hein J.J. Wellens
92 Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1955
Peter A. Brady and Bernard J. Gersh
93 Preexcitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979
Hein J.J. Wellens
94 Atrioventricular Nodal and Subnodal
Conduction Disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991
Hein J.J. Wellens
95 Transesophageal Echocardiography for Patients with
Atrial Fibrillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999
Warren J. Manning
96 Broad QRS Tachycardias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007
Hein J.J. Wellens
97 Syncope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019
David G. Benditt and Scott Sakaguchi
98 Sudden Cardiac Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2039
Abdi Rasekh, Mehdi Razavi, and Ali Massumi
99 Antiarrhythmic Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2085
Dan M. Roden, Dawood Darbar, and Prince J. Kannankeril
xiv contents
100 Cardiac Pacemakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2103
Sanjay Dixit and Francis E. Marchlinski
101 The Implantable Cardioverter-Defi brillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2119
William H. Sauer and David J. Callans
102 Catheter Ablation of Supraventricular and
Ventricular Arrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2139
Luz-Maria Rodriguez, Carl Timmermans, and
Hein J.J. Wellens
103 Surgical Treatment of Arrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2163
Spencer J. Melby, James L. Cox, and
Ralph J. Damiano, Jr.
SECTION X Cardiac Effects of Systemic Disorders,
Pregnancy, Aging, and Environmental
Changes
104 Pulmonary Thromboembolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2177
Herbert L. Fred, Shahzad Hashim, and Fady A. Joudah
105 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2203
Evangelos D. Michelakis and Stephen L. Archer
106 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2247
Rosa Maria Estrada-Y-Martin and Steven D. Brown
107 Tumors of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2267
Raymond F. Stainback, Yasmin S. Hamirani,
Denton A. Cooley, and L. Maximilian Buja
108 Endocrine Disorders and the Heart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2295
Victor R. Lavis, Michalis K. Picolos, and
James T. Willerson
109 Connective Tissue Diseases and the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2331
Frank C. Arnett and James T. Willerson
110 Substance Abuse and the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2357
Paul A. Grayburn and Eric J. Eichhorn
111 Cardiovascular Involvement in Acquired Immune
Defi ciency Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2371
Melvin D. Cheitlin, Priscilla Hsue, and Merle A. Sande
112 Cardiac Involvement in Skeletal Myopathies and
Neuromuscular Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2385
Ali J. Marian and James T. Willerson
113 Hematologic Disease and Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2409
Martin D. Phillips and James T. Willerson
114 Hypercoagulable State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2423
Andrew I. Schafer
contents xv
115 Aging and the Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2439
Samer S. Najjar, Gary Gerstenblith, and
Edward G. Lakatta
116 Pregnancy and the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2453
Susan Wilansky, Christina S. Reuss, and
James T. Willerson
SECTION XI Surgery and the Heart
117 Evaluation of Patients for Noncardiac Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2487
James B. Froehlich and Kim A. Eagle
118 Anesthesia for Cardiovascular Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2501
N. Martin Giesecke and John R. Cooper, Jr.
119 Intraoperative Hemodynamic Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2515
Rebecca A. Schroeder, Shahar Bar-Yosef, and
Jonathan B. Mark
SECTION XII The Genetic Basis for
Cardiovascular Disease
120 Classifi cation of Genetic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2551
Dianna M. Milewicz
121 Inherited Disorders of Connective Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2557
Dianna M. Milewicz
122 Muscular Dystrophies Affecting the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2567
C. Thomas Caskey
123 Genetic Basis for Cardiac Arrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2577
Connie R. Bezzina and Arthur A.M. Wilde
124 Genetic Aspects of Congenital Heart Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2599
Dianna M. Milewicz
SECTION XIII Preventive Cardiology
125 Coronary Risk Factors: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2609
Donald M. Lloyd-Jones and William B. Kannel
126 Preventive Cardiology: The Effects of Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2631
Amit Khera, Jere H. Mitchell, and Benjamin D. Levine
127 Smoking, Secondhand Smoke, and
Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2649
Joaquin Barnoya and Stanton A. Glantz
128 Management of Cholesterol Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2667
Scott M. Grundy
xvi contents
129 Cardiovascular Complications of Obesity and the
Metabolic Syndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2693
Paul Poirier and Robert H. Eckel
130 Gene Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2721
Robert D. Simari and Elizabeth G. Nabel
131 Molecular Biology for the Clinician . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2731
Sara Arab, Liyong Zhang, Yuichiro Maekawa,
Urszula Zurawska, and Peter P. Liu
132 Stem Cell Therapy for Cardiac Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2745
Emerson C. Perin, Guilherme V. Silva, and
James T. Willerson
133 Cost-Effectiveness Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2771
William S. Weintraub
134 Erectile Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . 2791
Sanjay Kaul and James S. Forrester
135 Cardiovascular Disease and Insulin Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2803
Ramzi A. Ajjan and Peter J. Grant
136 The Heart and the Kidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2819
Martin R. Cowie
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2839