Antioxidants Effects in Health: The Bright and the Dark Side examines the role that antioxidants play in a variety of health and disease situations. The book discusses antioxidants' historical evolution, their oxidative stress, and contains a detailed approach of 1) endogenous antioxidants, including endogenous sources, mechanisms of action, beneficial and detrimental effects on health, in vitro evidence, animal studies and clinical studies; 2) synthetic antioxidants, including sources, chemistry, bioavailability, legal status, mechanisms of action, beneficial and detrimental effects on health, in vitro evidence, animal studies and clinical studies; and 3) natural antioxidants, including sources, chemistry, bioavailability, mechanisms of action, possible prooxidant activity; beneficial and detrimental effects on health, in vitro evidence, animal studies and clinical studies. Throughout the boo, the relationship of antioxidants with different beneficial and detrimental effects are examined, and the current controversies and future perspectives are addressed and explored. Antioxidants Effects in Health: The Bright and the Dark Side evaluates the current scientific evidence on antioxidant topics, focusing on endogenous antioxidants, naturally occurring antioxidants and synthetic antioxidants. It will be a helpful resource for pharmaceutical scientists, health professionals, those studying natural chemistry, phytochemistry, pharmacognosy, natural product synthesis, and experts in formulation of herbal and natural pharmaceuticals.

Cover Image
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Table of Contents
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Part 1 Introduction
Chapter 1.1 Evolution of antioxidants over times (including current global market and trend)
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Antioxidants in early human use
1.1.3 Types of antioxidants and their mode of action
1.1.4 Current research focus and trends
1.1.5 Current global market
1.1.6 Economic burden and cost benefit of antioxidants
1.1.7 Adverse effect of antioxidants
Conclusion
Conflict of interest
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 1.2 The oxidative stress: Causes, free radicals, targets, mechanisms, affected organs, effects, indicators
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Oxidative stress
1.2.3 Targets of free radicals
1.2.4 Free radicals and their damaging effect on organs
1.2.5 Biomarkers
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 1.3 Food auto-oxidation: An overview
1.3.1 Introduction
1.3.2 Mechanism of auto-oxidation
1.3.3 Methods for the determination of food auto-oxidation
1.3.4 Factors influencing auto-oxidation
1.3.5 Toxic effects of food auto-oxidation
1.3.6 Prevention of food auto-oxidation
1.3.7 Antioxidants used in the food industry
1.3.8 Effect of antioxidants on human health
1.3.9 Regulatory guidelines/aspects
1.3.10 Current challenges
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
Part 2 Endogenous antioxidants
Chapter 2.1 Bilirubin
2.1.1 Origin and structure
2.1.2 Bilirubin synthesis
2.1.3 Bilirubin metabolism and excretion
2.1.4 Bilirubin as an antioxidant
2.1.5 Bilirubin and its potential detrimental effects
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2.2 Catalase
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Endogenous and exogenous sources
2.2.3 Catalase: Importance, benefits, and activity
2.2.4 Impact of physiological, behavioral and environmental factors on catalase activity
2.2.5 Role of catalase as a biomarker for oxidative stress
2.2.6 Mechanism of action of catalase
2.2.7 In vitro and in vivo studies
2.2.8 Clinical Study
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2.3 Coenzyme Q: An endogenous antioxidant
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Mechanism of action of coenzyme Q10
2.3.3 Coenzyme Q10 as pro-oxidant
2.3.4 Beneficial effects
2.3.5 In-vitro and in-vivo studies
Conclusion
Conflict of interest
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 2.4 Ferritin
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Serum ferritin level as a diagnostic biomarker
2.4.3 Role of ferritin in Fe homeostasis
2.4.4 Ferritin and oxidative stress
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2.5 Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Mechanism of action
2.5.3 Beneficial effects of glucose-6-phosphate on health
2.5.4 Detrimental effects of glucose-6-phosphate on health
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2.6 Melatonin
2.6.1 Endogenous sources
2.6.2 Mechanisms of action
2.6.3 Beneficial effects of melatonin on health
2.6.4 Effects of melatonin on diseases
Conclusion/future prospects
References
Chapter 2.7 Superoxide dismutase
2.7.1 Introduction
2.7.2 Classifications of different types of superoxide dismutase
2.7.3 Mechanism of action
2.7.4 Beneficial roles of superoxide dismutases
2.7.5 Superoxide dismutases and diseases
2.7.6 Superoxide dismutase as a therapeutic target against various diseases
2.7.7 Adverse effects of superoxide dismutase
2.7.8 Optimum dose, route of administration, and limitations of therapeutic use of superoxide dismutase
Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 2.8 Uric acid
2.8.1 Introduction
2.8.2 Antioxidant effect of uric acid
2.8.3 Pro-oxidant activity of uric acid
2.8.4 Beneficial effects of uric acid
2.8.5 Increasing the bioavailability of uric acid
2.8.6 Detrimental effects of uric acid
Conclusion
References
Part 3 Synthetic antioxidants: bright and the dark side
Chapter 3.1 Ascorbyl palmitate
3.1.1 Chemistry
3.1.2 Synthesis
3.1.3 Legal status
3.1.4 Mechanism of action
3.1.5 Effects on health
Conclusions
Authors' contribution
References
Chapter 3.2 Butylated hydroxyanisole
3.2.1 Chemistry
3.2.2 Synthesis
3.2.3 Legal status
3.2.4 Mechanisms of action
3.2.5 Effects on health
Conclusions
Authors' contribution
References
Chapter 3.3 Butylated hydroxytoluene
3.3.1 Chemistry
3.3.2 Synthesis
3.3.3 Legal status
3.3.4 Mechanisms of action
3.3.5 Effects on health
Conclusions
Authors' contribution
References
Chapter 3.4 Erythorbic acid (D-ascorbic acid)
3.4.1 Chemistry
3.4.2 Synthesis
3.4.3 Legal status