Keeping up to date with advances in comprehensive ophthalmology and in the ophthalmic sub-specialties is extremely difficult because of the accelerating rapidity with which new information and technology become available and the diminishing time and opportunity for practitioners and trainees to read and learn. The first edition of Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice (1994) was conceived with the idea of utilizing an electronic, updated version in which the chapters were revised by the chapter authors on an annual or semi-annual basis, but the technology was not sufficiently advanced to achieve this goal. Subsequent editions (2000 and 2008) were organized by Saunders and the last published by Elsevier (of which Springer has obtained the complete rights to move forward with the 4th edition, see attachment).

For nearly three decades, this text has provided its readers with authoritative and comprehensive coverage of clinical ophthalmology, written and edited by a group of authors who represented a Who's Who in ophthalmology. By using Springer's Meteor platform, with its ability to allow authors and editors access to updating their chapters online annually/semi-annually, and with the recruitment of select chapter authors, this work's usefulness as the standard text in ophthalmology will be maintained and expanded upon by Springer.

The 4th edition of this comprehensive and authoritative text is written by hundreds of the most distinguished authorities from around the world and edited by four leaders in the field, providing today's best answers to every question that arises in ophthalmology practice. Richly illustrated with thousands of high quality, full color, clinically-relevant images, Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, 4th Edition covers every scientific and clinical principle in ophthalmology, ensuring that the reader will always be able to find the guidance needed to diagnose and manage patients' ocular problems and meet today's standards of care. Written for practicing ophthalmologists and trainees, this book delivers in-depth guidance on new diagnostic approaches, operative techniques, and treatment options, as well as coherent explanations of new scientific concept and its clinical importance. The 4th edition will prove to be the source every practicing clinician needs to efficiently and confidently overcome any clinical challenge they may face.

Updates include new chapters on anterior and posterior segment diseases, as well as chapters more focused on treatment, plus thousands of new, high-quality, color images and illustrations, updated references, and information on the most cutting-edge technology used by clinicians in their practices today. Additionally, readers will enjoy the same, user-friendly, full-color design they remember from the previous edition, complete with many at-a-glance summary tables, algorithms, boxes, and diagrams that allow the reader to locate the assistance needed more rapidly than ever.

Dr. Daniel M. Albert is an American ophthalmologist, ophthalmic pathologist, and ocular cancer researcher. He is presently Professor of Ophthalmology at the Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University. Dr. Albert earned his medical degree and completed a residency in ophthalmology at the University of Pennsylvania, following which he was a research fellow at the NIH and then an NIH special fellow in ophthalmic pathology at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. He assumed his first academic faculty position at Yale University (1969-76), rising to full professor at the Yale Medical School. He then served as Associate Surgeon at the Massachusetts Eye and Infirmary, where he worked with Dr. David G. Cogan and subsequently directed the hospital's Cogan Eye Pathology Laboratory. He was Professor of Ophthalmology at Harvard (1976-83) and held that university's Cogan Professorship in Ophthalmology (1983-92).

In 1992, Dr. Albert was appointed Chair of the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and the Frederick A. Davis Professor at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health. He was the founding Director of the University of Wisconsin's McPherson Eye Research Institute, a position he held for ten years, until he moved to Portland, Oregon in 2016 to assume his current position. During his career Dr. Albert has additionally held visiting appointments across the United States as well as at the University of London and the Institute of Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital and has been a guest lecturer in France and Japan.

Dr. Albert's research has focused on ocular tumors, particularly melanoma and retinoblastoma. He has published over 700 peer-reviewed journal articles and is the author or co-author of forty texts and monographs. The great majority are in the field of ocular cancer. He served for twenty years as Editor-in-Chief of the Archives of Ophthalmology (now JAMA Ophthalmology) and on the editorial board of nine academic journals including the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and Ophthalmology (from 2013 to the present). He also wrote a series of blog posts for the journal Science between 2009 and 2013, offering career advice to students considering a career in medicine.

Dr. Albert was awarded the degree Doctor Honoris Causa from the Universite Louis Pasteur in France in 1984 and also received honorary degrees from Harvard Medical School (1976) and the Yale School of Medicine (2019). He received the Best Medical Book Award for the 1994 (first) edition of Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology from the Association of American Publishers. In 2001, he received the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine's Distinguished Graduate Award. In 2008 he was recognized with the creation of The Daniel M. Albert Professorship in Visual Sciences established by the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health. In 2011 he was named Laureate of the American Academy of Ophthalmology, the society's highest honor. Dr. Albert has received numerous other awards, including the Albert C. Muse Prize, Association for Research and Vision's Friedenwald Award, Humboldt Research Award, American Ophthalmological Society's Lucien Howe Medal, Pisart Vision Award and the American Association of Ocular Pathologists' Zimmerman Medal. Dr. Albert served as a director on the American Board of Ophthalmology (1997-2005), Vice-President of ARVO, and President of the American Ophthalmological Society (2005-6).

Joan W. Miller is the David Glendenning Cogan Professor and Chair of the Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School (HMS), Chief of Ophthalmology at Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Massachusetts General Hospital, and Ophthalmologist-in-Chief at Brigham and Women's Hospital. A graduate of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), she earned her MD from HMS and completed her ophthalmology residency and vitreoretinal fellowship at Mass Eye and Ear. In 2002, Dr. Miller became the first female physician to achieve the rank of Professor of Ophthalmology at HMS, and in 2003, the first woman to serve as Chair of the Department of Ophthalmology. She is also the first woman appointed as Chief of Ophthalmology at both Mass Eye and Ear and Mass General Hospital.

Her clinical research interests focus on retinal disorders, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Dr. Miller and her colleagues at Mass Eye and Ear/HMS pioneered the development of verteporfin photodynamic therapy (Visudyne ), the first pharmacologic therapy for AMD. The group also identified the key role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in ocular neovascularization, leading to the development of anti-VEGF therapies now administered to millions of people with sight-threatening retinal diseases annually around the world. Her current studies focus on the pathogenesis of AMD, including genomics, metabolomics, imaging, and functional measures; strategies for early intervention in AMD; and neuroprotective therapies for retinal diseases.

An internationally recognized expert in the field of retina, Dr. Miller has published over 280 original articles and more than 95 book chapters, reviews, and editorials. A member of the National Academy of Medicine and the Academia Ophthalmologica Internationalis, she has received numerous honors for her work. Among them, Dr. Miller delivered the 2012 Edward Jackson Lecture for the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), and was a co-recipient of the 2014 António Champalimaud Vision Award, the highest distinction in ophthalmology and visual science. In 2015, Dr. Miller became the first woman to receive the Mildred Weisenfeld Award for Excellence in Ophthalmology from Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO); in 2018, she became the first woman awarded the Charles L. Schepens Award from AAO. Recently, Dr. Miller was awarded the 2018 Lucien Howe Medal from the American Ophthalmological Society and the 2018 Gertrude D. Pyron Award from the American Society of Retinal Specialists.

Dimitri Azar, MD, MBA is the Chief Executive Officer of Twenty/Twenty Therapeutics, a joint venture established by Google/Verily and Santen. He is Distinguished Professor and BA Field chair of ophthalmic research and former Dean at the University of Illinois College of Medicine, where he pioneered the convergence of engineering and data science/artificial intelligence with basic and clinical medicine. Dimitri sits on the board of the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society, the board of the Himalayan Cataract Project and the Verily SAB board. He also served as a non-executive director on the Boards of Novartis (2012-2019) and Verb Surgical (2015-2019).

He completed his residency and fellowship training at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School. He then moved to the Johns Hopkins Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute as assistant professor and founding director of the refractive surgery service (1991-1996). He returned to the Mass Eye and Ear Infirmary as the Director of the Cornea, Refractive Surgery and Contact lens Services (1996-2006). He was named tenured Professor of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School (2003-2006) and senior scientist at the Schepens Eye Research Institute, before joining the University of Illinois as Head of the Ophthalmology Department (2006-2011), and later as Executive Dean (2011-2018).

He is an internationally recognized ophthalmic surgeon and a leader in basic science, corneal wound healing, angiogenesis, and clinically related vision research, making significant contributions to the treatment of corneal and anterior segment diseases and to advances in refractive surgery through mathematical analyses and applications of advanced optics. His basic science research on matrix metalloproteinases in corneal wound healing and angiogenesis was continually funded by the National Eye Institute R01 award between 1993 and 2021.

Dr. Azar received his MD from American University of Beirut and his MBA (with high distinction) from University of Chicago, Booth School of Business. He also holds an honorary doctoral degree from the University of Balamand, as well as an honorary master's degree from Harvard.

Dr. Azar is the author of more than 500 scientific articles and book chapters. He is the editor of 23 books in ophthalmology and holds more than 45 patents in ophthalmic pharmacology and bioengineering. He was named one of The Best Doctors in America or recognized among Castle Connolly's Regional Top Doctors in America annually between 1994 and 2020. He is a member of the Beta Gamma Sigma Honor Society and has served as Trustee for the Chicago Medical Society and for the Association of Research and Vision in Ophthalmology, and President of the Chicago Ophthalmological Society. Dr. Azar has received numerous named lectures and leadership awards, including the Life Achievement award by the American Academy of Ophthalmology, the Lans Distinguished Award, the Castroviejo Award, and the University of Illinois at Chicago Scholar Award and Distinguished Professor Award.

Lucy Hwa-Yue Young, MD, PhD, FACS, is a multilingual vitreoretinal surgeon at Massachusetts Eye and Ear and associate professor of ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Young spent her childhood in Taiwan and Brazil before relocating to the United States, becoming fluent in English as well as Mandarin Chinese, Portuguese, and Spanish. She received her B.S. in molecular biology and M.D. from University of Wisconsin-Madison, then continued her training at Harvard University, where she earned her M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in biology. She conducted her ophthalmology residency and vitreoretinal fellowship at Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School. Dr. Young's clinical and research interests encompass numerous vitreoretinal conditions, including trauma-related complications, infectious retinitis (particularly AIDS-related retinal infections), diabetic retinopathy, and macular degeneration. As a senior scientist at Massachusetts Eye and Ear, she is conducting several lines of investigation to improve the diagnosis and treatment of



Fundamentals of Genetics.- Molecular Mechanisms of Inherited Disease.- Genetic Testing.- Principles of Genetic Counseling.- Immunology An Overview.- A Cast of Thousands: The Cells of the Immune System.- T-Lymphocyte Responses.- B-Lymphocyte Responses.- Immune-Mediated Tissue Injury.- Regulation of Immune Responses.- Ocular Bacteriology.- Chlamydial Disease.- The Spirochetes.- Parasitic and Rickettsial Ocular Infections.- Fungal Infections of the Eye.- Ocular Virology.- Ocular Pharmacokinetics.- Anesthetics.- Antibacterials.- Antivirals.- Antifungal Agents.- Antiparasitics.- Corticosteroids in Ophthalmic Practice.- Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs.- Antihistamines and Mast Cell Stabilizers in Allergic Ocular Disease.- Tear Film and Blink Dynamics.- Tear Substitutes.- Viscoelastics.- Pharmacologic Agents with Osmotic Effects.- Pharmacologic Treatment of Immune Disorders and Specifically of Immune Ocular Inflammatory Disease.- Angiogenic Factors and Inhibitors.- Principles of Toxicology of the Eye.- Toxicology of Ophthalmic Agents by Class.- Epidemiology and Clinical Research.- Epidemiology of Age-Related Cataract.- Epidemiology of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.- Epidemiology of Diabetic Retinopathy.- Epidemiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.- Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Cornea, Superficial Limbus, and Conjunctiva.- Corneal Form and Function: Clinical Perspective.- Ocular Surface Epithelial Stem Cells and Corneal Wound Healing Response to Injury and Infection.- Corneal Examination, Specular and Confocal Microscopy, UBM, OCT.- Corneal Dysgeneses, Dystrophies, and Degenerations.- Keratoconus and Corneal Noninflammatory Ectasias.- Corneal Manifestations of Metabolic Disease.- Immunologic Disorders of the Conjunctiva, Cornea, and Sclera.- Allergic and Toxic Reactions: The Immune Response.- 48: Lid Inflammations.- Viral Disease of the Cornea and External Eye.- Bacterial, Chlamydial, and Mycobacterial Infections.- Fungal Keratitis.- Acanthamoeba Keratitis.- Interstitial Keratitis.- Recurrent Corneal Epithelial Erosion.- Persistent Epithelial Defects.- Chemical Injuries of the Eye.- Wetting of the Ocular Surface and Dry-Eye Disorders.- Tumors of the Cornea and Conjunctiva.- Lamellar Keratoplasty.- Penetrating Keratoplasty.- Endothelial Keratoplasty.- Complications of Corneal Transplantation and Their Management.- Excimer Laser Phototherapeutic Keratectomy.- Conjunctival Surgery.- Ocular Surface Transplantation.- Amniotic Membrane Surgery.- Keratoprosthesis.- History, Development, and Classification of Refractive Surgical Procedures.- Optical Principles for Refractive Surgery.- Corneal Topography and Wave Front Analysis.- Diagnosis and Management of Corneal Irregular Astigmatism.- Biomechanics and Wound Healing in Refractive Surgery.- Excimer Laser Instrumentation.- Mechanical and Laser Microkeratomes.- LASIK Patient Evaluation and Selection.- Photorefractive Keratectomy for Myopia, Hyperopia, and Astigmatism.- Decentration in Keratorefractive Procedures.- LASEK and Epi-LASIK.- LASIK for Myopia, Hyperopia, and Astigmatism.- Wavefront-Guided Excimer Laser Surgery.- Intraoperative Complications of LASIK.- Incisional Surgery: Radial and Astigmatic Keratotomy.- Intrastromal Corneal Rings for Myopia, Keratoconus, and Corneal Ectasia.- Conductive Keratoplasty for the Treatment of Hyperopia and Presbyopia.- Scleral Procedure for Presbyopia.- Refractive Surgery with Phakic IOLs.- Clear Lens Extraction.- Accommodative and Pseudoaccommodative Intraocular Lenses.- Future Developments with Conductive Keratoplasty.- Introduction to Uveitis.- Immunosuppression.- Anterior Uveitis.- Ocular Manifestations of Sarcoidosis.- Intermediate Uveitis.- Infectious Causes of Posterior Uveitis.- Birdshot Chorioretinopathy.- Vogt Koyanagi Harada Disease (Uveomeningitic Syndrome).- Ocular Histoplasmosis.- Sympathetic Ophthalmia.- Fuchs' Heterochromic Iridocyclitis.- Serpiginous Choroiditis.- Intraocular Lymphoproliferations Simulating Uveitis.- Choroidal Effusions and Detachments.- Biology of the Lens: Lens Transparency as a Function of Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology.- Lens Proteins and Their Molecular Biology.- Biophysics and Age Changes of the Crystalline Lens.- Mechanism of Cataract Formation.- Subjective Classification and Objective Quantitation of Human Cataract.- History of Cataract Surgery.- Historical Development of Modern Intraocular Lens Surgery.- Preoperative Preparation of Patients for Cataract and Lens Implant Surgery.- Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery.- Extracapsular Cataract Extraction.- Phacoemulsification Theory and Practice.- Fluidics.- Intraocular Lens Implantation.- Pediatric Cataract Surgery.- Combined Procedures.- Secondary Intraocular Lens Implantation.- Astigmatism and Cataract Surgery.- Complications of IOL Surgery.- Functional Anatomy of the Neural Retina.- Visual Acuity, Adaptation, and Color Vision.- Objective Assessment of Retinal Function.- Müller Cells and the Retinal Pigment Epithelium.- Retinal and Choroidal Circulations.- Examination of the Retina: Ophthalmoscopy and Fundus Biomicroscopy.- Principles of Fluorescein Angiography.- Indocyanine Green Videoangiography.- Optical Coherence Tomography.- Retinal Arterial Occlusions.- Retinal Venous Occlusive Disease.- Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment of Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.- Diabetic Macular Edema.- Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.- Advanced Retinopathy of Prematurity.- Eales' Disease.- 138: Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysms.- Coats' Disease and Retinal Telangiectasia.- Neuroretinitis.- Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy.- Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.- Genetics of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.- Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Drusen and Geographic Atrophy.- Foods and Supplements in the Prevention and Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.- Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Choroidal Neovascularization.- Photodynamic Therapy.- Anti-VEGF and Other Pharmacologic Treatments for Age-Related Macular Degeneration.- Surgical Treatments of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.- Acute Idiopathic Maculopathy.- Idiopathic Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy.- Angioid Streaks.- Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome.- Pathologic Myopia.- Idiopathic Macular Hole.- Choroidal and Retinal Folds.- Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy, Serpiginous Choroiditis, and Relentless Placoid Chorioretinitis.- Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome.- Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy.- Macular Epiretinal Membranes.- Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy.- Toxoplasmosis.- Retinal Manifestations of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Diagnosis and Treatment.- Acute Retinal Necrosis.- Ocular Syphilis.- Subretinal Fibrosis and Uveitis Syndrome.- Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis.- Frosted Branch Angiitis.- Retinal Manifestations of the Rheumatic Diseases.- Retinopathy Associated with Blood Anomalies.- Posterior Segment Sarcoidosis.- Sickle-Cell Retinopathy.- Traumatic Retinopathy.- Photic Retinopathy.- Radiation Retinopathy.- Retinal Toxicity of Systemic Medications.- Retinitis Pigmentosa and Allied Diseases.- Hereditary Cone Dystrophies.- Heredofamilial Macular Degenerations.- Lattice Degeneration, Cystic Retinal Tufts, Asymptomatic Retinal Breaks, and Additional Selected Peripheral Retinal Findings.- Retinoschisis.- Retinal Detachment.- Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy.- Postoperative Endophthalmitis.- Giant Retinal Tears.- Management of Retained Lens Fragments and Dislocated Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses.- Intraocular Foreign Bodies.- Diseases of the Vitreous.- Heredofamilial Vitreoretinopathies.- Aqueous Humor and the Dynamics of Its Flow: Formation of Aqueous Humo.- Aqueous Humor and the Dynamics of Its Flow: Mechanisms and Routes of Aqueous Humor Drainage.- Cellular Mechanisms in the Trabecular Meshwork Affecting the Aqueous Humor Outflow Pathway.- Genetics of Glaucoma.- Clinical Evaluation of the Glaucoma Patient.- Tonometry and Tonography.- Glaucomatous Visual Field Loss.- Optic Nerve Head and Nerve Fiber Layer Imaging.- Primary Congenital Glaucoma.- Juvenile-Onset Open-Angle Glaucoma.- Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.- Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma.- Combined-Mechanism Glaucoma.- The Exfoliation Syndrome: A Continuing Challenge.- Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Pigmentary Glaucoma.- Inflammatory Glaucoma.- Glaucoma Associated with Ocular Trauma.- Lens-Associated Glaucomas.- Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome.- Ocular Tumors and Glaucoma.- Corticosteroid-Induced Glaucoma.- Glaucoma Associated with Increased Episcleral Venous Pressure.- Glaucoma Secondary to Anterior Segment Surgery.- Neovascular Glaucoma.- Nanophthalmos: Guidelines for Diagnosis and Therapy.- Penetrating Keratoplasty and Glaucoma.- Glaucoma Associated with Disorders of the Retina, Vitreous, and Choroid.- Medical Management of Glaucoma.- Laser Trabeculoplasty for Open-Angle Glaucoma.- Laser and Surgery Treatment of Angle-Closure Glaucoma.- Glaucoma Filtration Surgery: Indications, Techniques, and Complications.- Nonpenetrating Glaucoma Surgery: Indications, Techniques, Complications, and Results.- Management of Glaucoma and Cataract.- Glaucoma Drainage Implants.- Cycloablation.- Basic Anatomy of the Orbit.- Introduction to Orbital Diseases.- The Approach to Orbital Surgery.- Cystic Lesions of the Orbit.- Pathophysiology of Graves' Orbitopathy.- Management of Graves' Ophthalmopathy.- Noninfectious Orbital Inflammations.- Infectious Processes of the Orbit.- Epithelial Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland.- Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland and Sac.- Vascular Anomalies of the Eyelid and Orbit.- Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors of the Orbit.- Orbital and Ocular Adnexal Lymphoid Tumors.- Other Lymphocytic Disease Processes.- Metastatic and Secondary Orbital Tumors.- Miscellaneous Rare Tumors and Disorders Involving the Orbit.- Benign Histiocytic Disorders of the Orbit.- Mesenchymal, Fibroosseous, and Cartilaginous Orbital Tumors.- Anatomy of the Eyelids, Eyebrow, Midface, and Lacrimal Drainage System.- Congenital Eyelid Anomalies.- Eyelid Infections.- Benign Epithelial Tumors.- Periocular Dermatology.- Mohs' Surgery for Eyelid Malignancies.- Basal Cell Carcinoma in the Eyelid.- Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Eyelids.- Sebaceous Gland Neoplasms.- Eyelid and Periorbital Reconstruction.- Eyelid Tumors of Apocrine, Eccrine, and Pilar Origins.- Melanocytic Lesions of the Eyelid and Ocular Adnexa.- Unusual Eyelid Tumors.- Upper Eyelid Malpositions: Congenital Ptosis.- Acquired Ptosis.- Upper Eyelid Malpositions: Retraction, Ectropion, and Entropion.- Lower Eyelid Malpositions.- Disorders of the Eyelashes and Eyebrows.- Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm.- Upper Blepharoplasty.- Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty and Midface Elevation Surgery.- Ablative CO2 Laser Skin Resurfacing.- Enucleation, Evisceration, and Exenteration.- Assessment and Management of the Eyebrow.- Principles of Pathology.- Conjunctival and Corneal Pathology.- Pathology of the Uveal Tract.- Pathology of the Lens.- Pathology of the Retina and Vitreous.- Pathology of Glaucoma.- Pathology of the Lids.- Orbital Pathology.- Pathology of the Optic Nerve.- Clinical Examination.- Examination of the Visual Field.- Neuroophthalmologic Disease of the Retina.- Optic Atrophy and Papilledema.- Optic Neuritis.- The Ischemic Optic Neuropathies.- Tumors of the Anterior Visual Pathways.- Hereditary Optic Neuropathies.- Infectious, Inflammatory, Toxic and Other Optic Neuropathies.- Chiasmal Disorders.- Retrochiasmal Disorders.- Neurovascular Neuroophthalmology.- Primary Headache Disorders with Ophthalmic Features.- Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri).- Nonorganic Visual Disorders.- The Pupils and Accommodation.- Diseases of the Ocular Muscles.- Myasthenia.- Third-, Fourth-, and Sixth-Nerve Lesions and the Cavernous Sinus.- Central Eye Movement Disorders.- The Pediatric Eye Examination.- Refractive Errors in Children.- Amblyopia.- Infections of the Eye and Adnexa in Children.- Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities of the Eye, Orbit, and Ocular Adnexa.- Pediatric Ptosis.- Lacrimal System Abnormalities.- Pediatric Glaucomas.- Congenital and Childhood Cataracts.- Visual Impairment in Infants and Young Children.- Retinal Lesions Presenting in Childhood.- Retinopathy of Prematurity.- Ocular Trauma in Infancy and Childhood.- Congenital Optic Nerve Anomalies.- Nystagmus and Nystagmoid Eye Movements.- Learning Disorders and Vision Therapy.- Clinical Evaluation of Strabismus.- Genetics of Strabismus.- Imaging and Strabismus.- Comitant Strabismus.- Complex or Incomitant Strabismus.- Treatment of Diplopia and Strabismus.- Hypertension and Its Ocular Manifestations.- Diabetes Mellitus.- 322: Childhood Arthritis and Anterior Uveitis.- Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis.- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.- Giant Cell Arteritis.- Wegener's Granulomatosis.- Scleroderma.- Adamantiades Behçet's Disease.- Systemic Manifestations of Sarcoidosis.- Osseous and Musculoskeletal Disorders.- Amyloidosis and the Eye.- Gastrointestinal and Nutritional Disorders.- Oculorenal Syndromes.- Ophthalmic Manifestations of Some Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders.- Nutritional Blindness.- Pregnancy and the Eye.- The Eye in Aging.- Systemic Bacterial Infections and the Eye.- Mycobacterial Diseases: Tuberculosis and Leprosy.- Systemic Viral Infections and the Eye.- AIDS and Its Ophthalmic Manifestations.- Fungal Infections and the Eye.- Systemic Parasitic Infections and the Eye.- Spirochetal Infections and the Eye.- Chlamydial Disease.- Hematologic Disorders.- Graft versus Host Disease.- Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Vasculitides.- Pigmented Tumors of the Iris.- Diagnosis of Choroidal Melanoma.- Charged Particle Irradiation of Uveal Melanoma.- Brachytherapy for Posterior Uveal Malignant Melanoma.- Surgical Resection of Uveal Melanoma.- Enucleation for Uveal Melanoma.- Genetics of Uveal Melanoma.- Melanocytomas.- Choroidal Metastasis.- Leukemias.- Intraocular Lymphoma.- Choroidal Nevus and Melanocytoma.- Tumors of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium.- Choroidal Hemangiomas.- Choroidal Osteoma.- Tumor Involvement of the Vitreous.- Ophthalmological Manifestations of Systemic Neoplasia and Its Treatment.- The Phakomatoses.- Assessment of Risk for Hereditary Retinoblastoma.- Second Primary Neoplasms in Retinoblastoma: Effect of Gene and Environment.- Staging and Grouping of Retinoblastoma.- Current Management of Retinoblastoma.- Genetic Progression from Retina to Retinoblastoma.- Overview of Ocular Trauma.- Evaluation and Initial Management of Patients with Ocular and Adnexal Trauma.- Anterior Segment Trauma.- Penetrating Posterior Segment Trauma.- Nonpenetrating Posterior Segment Trauma.- Intraocular Foreign Bodies.- Sports Injuries.- Epidemiology and Prevention of Ocular Trauma.- Neuroophthalmologic Manifestations of Trauma.- Penetrating Eyelid and Orbital Trauma.- Structural Injuries of the Orbit.- Late Management of Orbital Deformities.- Managing the Child with an Ocular or Orbital Injury.- Physical Optics for Clinicians.- Geometric Optics.- Optics of the Eye.- Objective Determination of Refractive Error.- Optical Instruments Used to Examine the Eye.- Prescription of Spectacles.- Prescribing Prisms.- Contact Lenses.- Optics of Intraocular Lenses.- Low Vision, Vision Disability, and Blindness.- Visual System Disorders and Low Vision Rehabilitation.- Quantifying Vision Disability.- Psychiatric and Psychosocial Factors in Low Vision Rehabilitation.- Rehabilitation Medicine Model for Low Vision Rehabilitation.- Evaluation and Management of the Patient with Low Vision: Entrée into Vision Rehabilitation.- Central Scotomas and Preferred Retinal Loci.- Driving with Low Vision: Who, Where, When, and Why.- Computer Technology Assistance for the Low Vision Patient.- Conclusion: The Role of the Ophthalmologist in Low-Vision Rehabilitation Help When There Is No Cure.- Professionalism in Medicine.- The Ethical Ophthalmologist.- Teaching Professionalism and Ethics in Ophthalmology.- Informed Consent.- Learning Surgery An Ethical Perspective.- Ophthalmic Co-Management.- Ethics in Marketing a Medical Practice.- Commercial Relationships.- Ethics of Expert Witness Testimony.- Complementary and Alternative Therapy.- Ethics and Professionalism Online: The Internet, E-mail, and Ethical Practice.- Ethical Issues in Clinical Research.- The American Academy of Ophthalmology Code of Ethics.- Source Documents for Medical Ethics.