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An updated guide to the production, science, and uses of vanilla
Vanilla is a flavor and fragrance in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and a wealth of other products. Now in its second edition, the Handbook of Vanilla Science and Technology provides a comprehensive and updated review of the science and technology used in these items' production and supply.
Featuring contributions from an international range of experts, this revised edition covers a multitude of topics, including agricultural production, global markets, analytical methods, sensory analysis, food and fragrance applications, organic farming and fair trade, botanical diseases, and novel uses.
The Handbook of Vanilla Science and Technology, Second Edition is a vital resource for producers, distributors, and scientists involved in vanilla's growth and utilization, and offers readers:
A guide to the cultivation, extraction, analysis, DNA sequencing, and marketing of vanilla
Information on the production of vanilla in a range of countries such as Mexico, Australia, Costa Rica, and India
Guidelines on the quality control of vanilla beans and extracts
Information on fair trade and the future of vanilla
ist of Contributors xix
Preface xxi
Part I Production of Vanilla Agricultural Systems and Curing 1
1 Mexican Vanilla Production 3
Juan Hernandez-Hernández
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Cultivation Methods 5
1.3 Vanilla Propagation Techniques 8
1.4 Irrigation 9
1.5 Nutrition 10
1.6 Weed Control 11
1.7 Shade Management (Pruning of Support Trees) 11
1.8 Shoot Management Looping 12
1.9 Shoot Management Rooting 12
1.10 Main Vanilla Insect Pest 12
1.11 Main Vanilla Diseases 13
1.12 Flowering and Pollination 14
1.13 Harvesting 17
1.14 Green Vanilla Commercialization 19
1.15 Curing 19
1.16 Grading 21
1.17 Buyers 23
1.18 Export Volume 23
1.19 Prices 23
1.20 Aromatic Profile 23
1.21 Summary 24
References 24
2 Vanilla Diseases 27
Juan Hernandez-Hernández
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Root and Stem Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum f. Sp. Vanillae) 27
2.3 Black Rot (Phytophtora Sp.) 29
2.4 Anthracnose (Colletotrichum Sp.) 30
2.5 Rust (Uromyces Sp.) 31
2.6 Rotting of Recently Planted Cuttings 32
2.7 Yellowing and Shedding of Young Fruits 33
2.8 Viral Diseases 35
2.9 Damage by Adverse Climatic Factors 36
2.10 Damage from Sunburn 37
2.11 Hurricanes 38
References 39
3 Vanilla Production in Costa Rica 41
Elida Varela Quirós
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 History of Vanilla Production in Costa Rica 42
3.3 Vanilla Production The Traditional System 45
3.4 Vanilla Production The Intensive System 47
3.5 Propagation 48
3.6 Diseases and Pests 49
3.7 Vanilla Bean Processing 50
3.8 Conclusions 50
References 51
4 Atypical Flowering of Vanilla planifolia in the Region of Junín, Peru 53
Juan Hernández-Hernández
4.1 Preparation of the Mother Plant (Cuttings) 54
4.2 Planting Method 54
4.3 Nutrition 55
4.4 Irrigation 55
4.5 Pests, Disorders and Diseases 57
4.6 Flowering Period 59
4.7 Hand Pollination 60
4.8 Harvesting 61
4.9 Vanilla Curing 62
4.10 Final Comments 62
References 63
5 Vanilla Production in the Context of Culture, Economics, and Ecology of Belize 65
Nelle Gretzinger and Dawn Dean
5.1 Introduction 65
5.2 Discussion 78
Acknowledgments 79
References 82
6 Conservation and Sustainable Use of Vanilla Crop Wild Relatives in Colombia 85
Nicola S. Flanagan, Paul Chavarriaga, and Ana Teresa Mosquera-Espinosa
6.1 Introduction 85
6.2 Vanilla Crop Wild Relatives 86
6.3 Vanilla Species in the Wild 89
6.4 Conservation of Vanilla Crop Wild Relatives 95
6.5 Biotechnological Approaches for Vanilla Genetic Resource Conservation and Utilization 100
6.6 An Integrated Strategy for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Vanilla Crop Wild Relatives 101
References 102
7 The History of Vanilla in Puerto Rico: Diversity, Rise, Fall and Future Prospects 111
Paul Bayman
7.1 Introduction 111
7.2 Diversity of Wild Vanilla in Puerto Rico 111
7.3 Rise and Fall: The History of Vanilla Cultivation in Puerto Rico 112
7.4 Socioeconomic Factors Contributing to the Decline of Vanilla 114
7.5 Diseases and Decline 114
7.6 Future Prospects 118
Acknowledgements 118
References 118
8 Origins and Patterns of Vanilla Cultivation in Tropical America (1500 1900): No Support for an Independent Domestication of Vanilla in South America 121
Pesach Lubinsky, Gustavo A. Romero-González, Sylvia M. Heredia, and Stephanie Zabel
8.1 Introduction 121
8.2 The Vanilla Necklace 136
8.3 Summary 138
Acknowledgements 139
References 139
9 Vanilla Production in Australia 147
Richard Exley
9.1 Introduction 147
9.2 History 147
9.3 Species 148
9.4 Climatic Regions of Australia Suitable for Vanilla 148
9.5 Climatic Conditions in the Vanilla Growing Regions 149
9.6 Soil and Nutrients 150
9.7 Watering 150
9.8 Fertilizing 150
9.9 Propagation 150
9.10 Support 151
9.11 Light/Shade 152
9.12 Spacing 153
9.13 Training 154
9.14 Flowering, Fruit Set, Growth, and Maturation 154
9.15 Harvesting 155
9.16 Curing 155
9.16.1 Overview 155
References 156
10 Vanilla in Dutch Greenhouses: A Discovery From Research to Production 157
Filip van Noort
10.1 Introduction 157
10.2 Review of Literature 157
10.3 Flowering 159
10.4 Varieties 161
10.5 Propagation 161
10.6 Feasibility and Conclusions 162
References 163
11 Establishing Vanilla Production and a Vanilla Breeding Program in the Southern United States 165
Alan H. Chambers
11.1 Introduction 165
11.2 Southern Florida Climate 165
11.3 Native and Naturalized Vanilla Species of South Florida 169
11.4 Establishing Vanilla Production in Southern Florida 173
11.5 Vanilla Breeding 175
11.6 Conclusions 178
References 178
12 In Vitro Propagation of Vanilla 181
Rebeca Alicia Menchaca García
12.1 Methods 182
12.2 Results and Discussion 183
12.3 Conclusions 187
References 188
13 Curing of Vanilla 191
Chaim Frenkel, Arvind S. Ranadive, Javier Tochihuitl Vázquez, and Daphna Havkin-Frenkel
13.1 Introduction 191
13.2 Botany of the Vanilla Pod 192
13.3 On-the-vine Curing Process in a Vanilla Pod 195
13.4 Off-the-vine Curing Process of Vanilla Beans 196
13.5 Activity of Hydrolytic Enzymes Occurring in a Curing Vanilla Pod 202
13.6 Activity of Oxidative Enzymes Occurring in a Curing Vanilla Pod 209
13.7 Vanilla Products 212
13.8 Summary and Conclusions 212
13.9 Addendum: Commercial Curing Methods of Green Vanilla Bean 213
References 216
14 Fair Trade The Future of Vanilla? 223
Richard J. Brownell Jr
14.1 The Crisis 223
14.2 The Farmer 224
14.3 Fast Forward 226
14.4 Fair Trade Background 226
14.5 Commodity Cycles 229
14.6 Issues 230
14.7 Conclusions 233
Part II Authentication and Flavor Analysis 237
15 Quality Control of Vanilla Beans and Extracts 239
Arvind S. Ranadive
15.1 Introduction 239
15.2 Quality Control of Vanilla Beans 239
15.3 Quality Control of Commercial Vanilla Products 249
15.4 Determination of Authenticity of Vanilla Extracts 254
15.5 Summary 259
Acknowledgement 259
References 259
16 Flavor, Quality, and Authentication 261
Patrick G. Hoffman and Charles M. Zapf
16.1 Introduction 261
16.2 Vanilla Flavor Analyses 262
16.3 Biochemistry and Genetic Research on Vanilla 266
16.4 Vanilla Quality and Authentication Analyses 267
16.5 Conclusion 277
References 279
17 Volatile Compounds in Vanilla 285
Stephen Toth, Keun Joong Lee, Daphna Havkin-Frenkel, Faith C. Belanger, and Thomas G. Hartman
17.1 Lexicon of Vanilla Aroma/Flavor Descriptors 285
References 345
18 A Comprehensive Study of Composition and Evaluation of Vanilla Extracts in US Retail Stores 349
Daphna Havkin-Frenkel, Faith C. Belanger, Debra Y.J. Booth, Kathryn E. Galasso, Francis P. Tangel, and Carlos Javier Hernández Gayosso
18.1 History 349
18.2 Uses of Vanilla in the Industry 349
18.3 Major Us Vanilla Companies 353
18.4 Introduction to the Study 353
18.5 Materials and Methods 353
18.6 Results and Discussion 354
18.7 Conclusion and Recommendation 363
References 365
19 Vanilla in Perfumery and Beverage Flavors 367
Felix Buccellato
19.1 Earliest Recorded Use of Vanilla 367
Reference 373
Part III Biology of Vanilla 375
20 Vanilla Phylogeny and Classification 377
Kenneth M. Cameron
20.1 Vanilloideae Among Orchids 381
20.2 Diversity Within Vanilloideae 381
20.3 Origins and Age of Vanilloideae 384
20.4 Diversity Within Vanilla 385
20.5 Systematic Conclusions and Implications 388
References 389
21 Molecular Analysis of a Vanilla Hybrid Cultivated in Costa Rica 391
Faith C. Belanger and Daphna Havkin-Frenkel
21.1 Methods 392
21.2 Results and Discussion 393
References 399
22 Root Cause: Mycorrhizal Fungi of Vanilla and Prospects for Biological Control of Root Rots 403
Paul Bayman, María del Carmen A. Gonzalez-Chávez, Ana T. Mosquera-Espinosa, and Andrea Porras-Alfaro
22.1 Introduction 403
22.2 Phylogenetic Diversity of Mycorrhizal Fungi of Vanilla 406
22.3 Mycorrhizal Fungi of Vanilla Stimulate Seed Germination and Seedling Growth 411
22.4 Can Mycorrhizal Fungi Protect Vanilla Plants from Pathogens? 414
22.5 Conclusions 417
References 418
23 Enzymes Characterized From Vanilla 423
Andrzej Podstolski
23.1 L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyse (Pal) and Cinnamate-4-Hydroxylase (C4h) 423
23.2 Chain Shortening Enzymes 424
23.3 4-Coumaric Acid 3-Hydroxylase (C3H) 427
23.4 O-Methyltransferase (OMT) 428
23.5 Benzyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase (Bad) 428
23.6 Glycosyltransferases (GTS) 429
23.7 -Glycosyl Hydrolases and Curing 430
References 431
24 Vanillin Biosynthesis Still not as Simple as it Seems? 435
Richard A. Dixon
24.1 Introduction 435
24.2 Multiple Pathways to Vanillin Based on Biochemistry? 438
24.3 Elucidation of Vanillin Biosynthesis via Molecular Biology? 440
References 442
25 Vanilla planifolia The Source of the Unexpected Discovery of a New Lignin 447
Fang Chen and Richard A. Dixon
25.1 Introduction 447
25.2 Identification of C-lignin in V. planifolia 449
25.3 Identification of Genes Potentially Involved in Lignin and Vanillin Biosynthesis 451
25.4 C-Lignin Biosynthesis in Other Plants 452
25.5 Commercial Value of C-Lignin as a Novel Natural Polymer 453
References 454
Part IV Biotechnological Production of Vanillin 457
26 Biotechnology of Vanillin: Vanillin from Microbial Sources 459
Ivica Labuda
26.1 Introduction 459
26.2 Substrates 460
26.3 Microorganisms 470
26.4 Processes 477
26.5 Downstream Processing and Recovery 482
26.6 Conclusions 482
References 483
Index 489
Vanilla is a flavor and fragrance in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and a wealth of other products. Now in its second edition, the Handbook of Vanilla Science and Technology provides a comprehensive and updated review of the science and technology used in these items' production and supply.
Featuring contributions from an international range of experts, this revised edition covers a multitude of topics, including agricultural production, global markets, analytical methods, sensory analysis, food and fragrance applications, organic farming and fair trade, botanical diseases, and novel uses.
The Handbook of Vanilla Science and Technology, Second Edition is a vital resource for producers, distributors, and scientists involved in vanilla's growth and utilization, and offers readers:
A guide to the cultivation, extraction, analysis, DNA sequencing, and marketing of vanilla
Information on the production of vanilla in a range of countries such as Mexico, Australia, Costa Rica, and India
Guidelines on the quality control of vanilla beans and extracts
Information on fair trade and the future of vanilla
ist of Contributors xix
Preface xxi
Part I Production of Vanilla Agricultural Systems and Curing 1
1 Mexican Vanilla Production 3
Juan Hernandez-Hernández
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Cultivation Methods 5
1.3 Vanilla Propagation Techniques 8
1.4 Irrigation 9
1.5 Nutrition 10
1.6 Weed Control 11
1.7 Shade Management (Pruning of Support Trees) 11
1.8 Shoot Management Looping 12
1.9 Shoot Management Rooting 12
1.10 Main Vanilla Insect Pest 12
1.11 Main Vanilla Diseases 13
1.12 Flowering and Pollination 14
1.13 Harvesting 17
1.14 Green Vanilla Commercialization 19
1.15 Curing 19
1.16 Grading 21
1.17 Buyers 23
1.18 Export Volume 23
1.19 Prices 23
1.20 Aromatic Profile 23
1.21 Summary 24
References 24
2 Vanilla Diseases 27
Juan Hernandez-Hernández
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Root and Stem Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum f. Sp. Vanillae) 27
2.3 Black Rot (Phytophtora Sp.) 29
2.4 Anthracnose (Colletotrichum Sp.) 30
2.5 Rust (Uromyces Sp.) 31
2.6 Rotting of Recently Planted Cuttings 32
2.7 Yellowing and Shedding of Young Fruits 33
2.8 Viral Diseases 35
2.9 Damage by Adverse Climatic Factors 36
2.10 Damage from Sunburn 37
2.11 Hurricanes 38
References 39
3 Vanilla Production in Costa Rica 41
Elida Varela Quirós
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 History of Vanilla Production in Costa Rica 42
3.3 Vanilla Production The Traditional System 45
3.4 Vanilla Production The Intensive System 47
3.5 Propagation 48
3.6 Diseases and Pests 49
3.7 Vanilla Bean Processing 50
3.8 Conclusions 50
References 51
4 Atypical Flowering of Vanilla planifolia in the Region of Junín, Peru 53
Juan Hernández-Hernández
4.1 Preparation of the Mother Plant (Cuttings) 54
4.2 Planting Method 54
4.3 Nutrition 55
4.4 Irrigation 55
4.5 Pests, Disorders and Diseases 57
4.6 Flowering Period 59
4.7 Hand Pollination 60
4.8 Harvesting 61
4.9 Vanilla Curing 62
4.10 Final Comments 62
References 63
5 Vanilla Production in the Context of Culture, Economics, and Ecology of Belize 65
Nelle Gretzinger and Dawn Dean
5.1 Introduction 65
5.2 Discussion 78
Acknowledgments 79
References 82
6 Conservation and Sustainable Use of Vanilla Crop Wild Relatives in Colombia 85
Nicola S. Flanagan, Paul Chavarriaga, and Ana Teresa Mosquera-Espinosa
6.1 Introduction 85
6.2 Vanilla Crop Wild Relatives 86
6.3 Vanilla Species in the Wild 89
6.4 Conservation of Vanilla Crop Wild Relatives 95
6.5 Biotechnological Approaches for Vanilla Genetic Resource Conservation and Utilization 100
6.6 An Integrated Strategy for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Vanilla Crop Wild Relatives 101
References 102
7 The History of Vanilla in Puerto Rico: Diversity, Rise, Fall and Future Prospects 111
Paul Bayman
7.1 Introduction 111
7.2 Diversity of Wild Vanilla in Puerto Rico 111
7.3 Rise and Fall: The History of Vanilla Cultivation in Puerto Rico 112
7.4 Socioeconomic Factors Contributing to the Decline of Vanilla 114
7.5 Diseases and Decline 114
7.6 Future Prospects 118
Acknowledgements 118
References 118
8 Origins and Patterns of Vanilla Cultivation in Tropical America (1500 1900): No Support for an Independent Domestication of Vanilla in South America 121
Pesach Lubinsky, Gustavo A. Romero-González, Sylvia M. Heredia, and Stephanie Zabel
8.1 Introduction 121
8.2 The Vanilla Necklace 136
8.3 Summary 138
Acknowledgements 139
References 139
9 Vanilla Production in Australia 147
Richard Exley
9.1 Introduction 147
9.2 History 147
9.3 Species 148
9.4 Climatic Regions of Australia Suitable for Vanilla 148
9.5 Climatic Conditions in the Vanilla Growing Regions 149
9.6 Soil and Nutrients 150
9.7 Watering 150
9.8 Fertilizing 150
9.9 Propagation 150
9.10 Support 151
9.11 Light/Shade 152
9.12 Spacing 153
9.13 Training 154
9.14 Flowering, Fruit Set, Growth, and Maturation 154
9.15 Harvesting 155
9.16 Curing 155
9.16.1 Overview 155
References 156
10 Vanilla in Dutch Greenhouses: A Discovery From Research to Production 157
Filip van Noort
10.1 Introduction 157
10.2 Review of Literature 157
10.3 Flowering 159
10.4 Varieties 161
10.5 Propagation 161
10.6 Feasibility and Conclusions 162
References 163
11 Establishing Vanilla Production and a Vanilla Breeding Program in the Southern United States 165
Alan H. Chambers
11.1 Introduction 165
11.2 Southern Florida Climate 165
11.3 Native and Naturalized Vanilla Species of South Florida 169
11.4 Establishing Vanilla Production in Southern Florida 173
11.5 Vanilla Breeding 175
11.6 Conclusions 178
References 178
12 In Vitro Propagation of Vanilla 181
Rebeca Alicia Menchaca García
12.1 Methods 182
12.2 Results and Discussion 183
12.3 Conclusions 187
References 188
13 Curing of Vanilla 191
Chaim Frenkel, Arvind S. Ranadive, Javier Tochihuitl Vázquez, and Daphna Havkin-Frenkel
13.1 Introduction 191
13.2 Botany of the Vanilla Pod 192
13.3 On-the-vine Curing Process in a Vanilla Pod 195
13.4 Off-the-vine Curing Process of Vanilla Beans 196
13.5 Activity of Hydrolytic Enzymes Occurring in a Curing Vanilla Pod 202
13.6 Activity of Oxidative Enzymes Occurring in a Curing Vanilla Pod 209
13.7 Vanilla Products 212
13.8 Summary and Conclusions 212
13.9 Addendum: Commercial Curing Methods of Green Vanilla Bean 213
References 216
14 Fair Trade The Future of Vanilla? 223
Richard J. Brownell Jr
14.1 The Crisis 223
14.2 The Farmer 224
14.3 Fast Forward 226
14.4 Fair Trade Background 226
14.5 Commodity Cycles 229
14.6 Issues 230
14.7 Conclusions 233
Part II Authentication and Flavor Analysis 237
15 Quality Control of Vanilla Beans and Extracts 239
Arvind S. Ranadive
15.1 Introduction 239
15.2 Quality Control of Vanilla Beans 239
15.3 Quality Control of Commercial Vanilla Products 249
15.4 Determination of Authenticity of Vanilla Extracts 254
15.5 Summary 259
Acknowledgement 259
References 259
16 Flavor, Quality, and Authentication 261
Patrick G. Hoffman and Charles M. Zapf
16.1 Introduction 261
16.2 Vanilla Flavor Analyses 262
16.3 Biochemistry and Genetic Research on Vanilla 266
16.4 Vanilla Quality and Authentication Analyses 267
16.5 Conclusion 277
References 279
17 Volatile Compounds in Vanilla 285
Stephen Toth, Keun Joong Lee, Daphna Havkin-Frenkel, Faith C. Belanger, and Thomas G. Hartman
17.1 Lexicon of Vanilla Aroma/Flavor Descriptors 285
References 345
18 A Comprehensive Study of Composition and Evaluation of Vanilla Extracts in US Retail Stores 349
Daphna Havkin-Frenkel, Faith C. Belanger, Debra Y.J. Booth, Kathryn E. Galasso, Francis P. Tangel, and Carlos Javier Hernández Gayosso
18.1 History 349
18.2 Uses of Vanilla in the Industry 349
18.3 Major Us Vanilla Companies 353
18.4 Introduction to the Study 353
18.5 Materials and Methods 353
18.6 Results and Discussion 354
18.7 Conclusion and Recommendation 363
References 365
19 Vanilla in Perfumery and Beverage Flavors 367
Felix Buccellato
19.1 Earliest Recorded Use of Vanilla 367
Reference 373
Part III Biology of Vanilla 375
20 Vanilla Phylogeny and Classification 377
Kenneth M. Cameron
20.1 Vanilloideae Among Orchids 381
20.2 Diversity Within Vanilloideae 381
20.3 Origins and Age of Vanilloideae 384
20.4 Diversity Within Vanilla 385
20.5 Systematic Conclusions and Implications 388
References 389
21 Molecular Analysis of a Vanilla Hybrid Cultivated in Costa Rica 391
Faith C. Belanger and Daphna Havkin-Frenkel
21.1 Methods 392
21.2 Results and Discussion 393
References 399
22 Root Cause: Mycorrhizal Fungi of Vanilla and Prospects for Biological Control of Root Rots 403
Paul Bayman, María del Carmen A. Gonzalez-Chávez, Ana T. Mosquera-Espinosa, and Andrea Porras-Alfaro
22.1 Introduction 403
22.2 Phylogenetic Diversity of Mycorrhizal Fungi of Vanilla 406
22.3 Mycorrhizal Fungi of Vanilla Stimulate Seed Germination and Seedling Growth 411
22.4 Can Mycorrhizal Fungi Protect Vanilla Plants from Pathogens? 414
22.5 Conclusions 417
References 418
23 Enzymes Characterized From Vanilla 423
Andrzej Podstolski
23.1 L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyse (Pal) and Cinnamate-4-Hydroxylase (C4h) 423
23.2 Chain Shortening Enzymes 424
23.3 4-Coumaric Acid 3-Hydroxylase (C3H) 427
23.4 O-Methyltransferase (OMT) 428
23.5 Benzyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase (Bad) 428
23.6 Glycosyltransferases (GTS) 429
23.7 -Glycosyl Hydrolases and Curing 430
References 431
24 Vanillin Biosynthesis Still not as Simple as it Seems? 435
Richard A. Dixon
24.1 Introduction 435
24.2 Multiple Pathways to Vanillin Based on Biochemistry? 438
24.3 Elucidation of Vanillin Biosynthesis via Molecular Biology? 440
References 442
25 Vanilla planifolia The Source of the Unexpected Discovery of a New Lignin 447
Fang Chen and Richard A. Dixon
25.1 Introduction 447
25.2 Identification of C-lignin in V. planifolia 449
25.3 Identification of Genes Potentially Involved in Lignin and Vanillin Biosynthesis 451
25.4 C-Lignin Biosynthesis in Other Plants 452
25.5 Commercial Value of C-Lignin as a Novel Natural Polymer 453
References 454
Part IV Biotechnological Production of Vanillin 457
26 Biotechnology of Vanillin: Vanillin from Microbial Sources 459
Ivica Labuda
26.1 Introduction 459
26.2 Substrates 460
26.3 Microorganisms 470
26.4 Processes 477
26.5 Downstream Processing and Recovery 482
26.6 Conclusions 482
References 483
Index 489
Ficha del libro
Autores
ISBN
978-1-119-37727-6
EAN
9781119377276
Editor
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stock
NO
Idioma
Inglés
Nivel
Profesional
Formato
Encuadernado
Tapa Dura
Páginas
528
Largo
-
Ancho
-
Peso
-
Edición
Fecha de edición
16-09-2018
Año de edición
2018
Nº de ediciones
2
Colección
-
Nº de colección
-
