PFO Closure for Stroke, Myocardial Infarction, Peripheral Embolism, Migraine, and Hypoxemia covers the association between Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) and numerous clinical conditions. The book provides a background on the topic of PFO, including embryology, anatomy and physiology, fully examines the diagnosis and imaging assessment of PFO, and discusses the data linking PFO to various clinical conditions, including stroke, myocardial infarction, peripheral embolism, migraine, hypoxemia, decompression sickness, Raynaud's phenomenon and vasospasm. In addition, the book includes perspectives that focus on future outlooks on PFO closure and where the field is headed.

User will find this to be a perfect reference book for cardiology researchers, cardiologists, interventional cardiologists, general practitioners and medical professionals that are interested in current safety and technical aspects in the field.

Key Features
Explains the association between PFO and related clinical conditions, including stroke, myocardial infarction, peripheral embolism, migraine and hypoxemia
Provides an in-depth analysis of the evidence behind PFO closure for various clinical conditions
Expounds on the technical aspects of PFO closure, including differences between devices and techniques for closure
Offers future outlooks on PFO closure and where the future is headed in terms of closure indications
Readership
Cardiology researchers, cardiologists, general practitioners and medical professionals that are interested in current technical aspects of the field and in the future outlooks on PFO closure

Table of Contents
Part I: Introduction
1. Preface: Patent Foramen Ovale
2. Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology: Anatomical Variations, Lipomatous Hypertrophy, Atrial Septal Aneurysm, Eustachian Valve, Chiari Network, Combination with Other Atrial Septal Defects

Part II: Diagnosis and Imaging Assessment of PFO
3. Echocardiography, Transcranial Doppler, and Oximetry for Imaging and Quantification of PFO-Mediated Shunts
4. Angiography, Transthoracic, Transesophageal, and Intracardiac Echocardiography: Periprocedural Assessment and Guidance During PFO Closure

Part III: Stroke and PFO
5. Definition of Cryptogenic Stroke and Embolic Stroke of Unknown Source, Paradoxical Embolism Risk Assessment Score
6. Stroke: Observational Studies on PFO Closure
7. Early Randomized Trials on PFO Closure For Stroke (CLOSURE I, PC, RESPECT), Limitations of Trials, Meta-analyses of Early Trials
8. Newer Randomized Trials on PFO Closure For Stroke (REDUCE, CLOSE, DEFENSE-PFO), Limitations of Trials, Meta-analyses Including These Trials, Changes in Guidelines, Patient-Selection Based on Trials and Patients Excluded from Trials

Part IV: Non-cerebral Paradoxical Embolism and PFO
9. Myocardial Infarction and PFO
10. Peripheral Embolism and PFO

Part V: Migraine and PFO
11. Migraine: Clinical Association with PFO and Observational Studies
12. Randomized Clinical Trials of PFO Closure for Migraine (MIST, PRIMA, PREMIUM), Limitations of Trials, Meta-analysis of These Trials

Part VI: Other Conditions and PFO
13. Hypoxemia and PFO: Observational Studies, Future RCTs, Guidelines
14. Less Recognized Conditions and PFO: Decompression Sickness, Raynaud's, Coronary Spasm

Part VII: Safety, Technical Aspects to PFO Closure, and Future Outlook
15. Percutaneous PFO Closure: History, Devices, Techniques, and Safety
16. How I Do It: ICE-guided Technique for Percutaneous PFO Closure
17. How I Do It: Fluoroscopy-guided Technique for Percutaneous PFO Closure
18. Final thoughts vs. future outlook
19. The Full Spectrum of PFO